Quasi-2D BiLnO (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu): reversible iodine intercalation and their evaluation as the anode in the lithium-ion battery system
Layered materials with a robust structure and reversible intercalation behavior are highly sought-after in applications involving energy conversion and storage systems, energy converting devices, supercapacitors, batteries, superconductors, photonic materials, and catalysis involving hydrogen evolut...
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| Published in | Dalton transactions : an international journal of inorganic chemistry Vol. 53; no. 5; pp. 2294 - 235 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Published |
30.01.2024
|
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Summary: | Layered materials with a robust structure and reversible intercalation behavior are highly sought-after in applications involving energy conversion and storage systems, energy converting devices, supercapacitors, batteries, superconductors, photonic materials, and catalysis involving hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), solar cells and sensors. In the current study, quasi-2D rhombohedral Bi
0.775
Ln
0.225
O
1.5
(Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, and Eu) samples, synthesized by a solution combustion route, have been demonstrated to intercalate iodine reversibly. A solid-vapor reaction was employed to intercalate iodine at moderate temperatures, and deintercalation occurred on heating at higher temperatures. Expansion of the rhombohedral
c
-axis by ∼10 Å occurred, and the iodine between the interlayers existed as triiodide ions (I
3
−
) in an unsymmetrical fashion. The amount of intercalated iodide has been determined from thermogravimetric analysis. Electron microscopic analysis confirmed these systems' intercalation and subsequent lattice expansion. In the diffuse reflectance spectra, charge transfer from the triiodide ions to the host oxide was noticed, and it caused the absorption edge to fall beyond the visible region for the intercalated samples. XPS analysis of iodine intercalated Bi
0.775
Pr
0.225
O
1.5
has shown the mixed valence states for Pr and the existence of I
3
−
along with some IO
3
−
species. The quasi-2D structure was stable during the thermal deintercalation process. The evaluation of iodine intercalated Bi
0.775
Ln
0.225
O
1.5
(Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Sm, and Eu) samples as anode material in the lithium-ion battery system has given quite promising results, exhibiting fast Li
+
-ion diffusion, low charge transfer resistance, good reversible capacity, capacity retention (after cycling back to 10 mA g
−1
), and structural stability (after long cycles).
Iodine has been intercalated reversibly in quasi-two-dimensional Bi0.775Ln0.225O1.5 and showed better electrochemical characteristics than the non-intercalated samples in the Li-ion battery system. |
|---|---|
| Bibliography: | Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: PXRD patterns of ashes from combustion experiments and calcined samples from various optimization experiments, thermal deintercalation experiments, TG-DSC traces of ashes and thermal deintercalation experiments, lattice refinements of the PXRD patterns, Raman spectra, mechanism of triiodide formation in the interlayer, digital images of the samples, cyclic voltammograms of iodine-intercalated samples at different scan rates, anodic and cathodic peak current relation with scanning rates, results from the frequency response of real part of the impedance, galvanostatic charge-discharge performance of iodine intercalated samples, PXRD pattern of sample recovered after GCD experiments (500 cycles). See DOI https://doi.org/10.1039/d3dt03834c |
| ISSN: | 1477-9226 1477-9234 |
| DOI: | 10.1039/d3dt03834c |