Cumulative effects of doping on SnO structure and electrode performance for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries

• Published in: New journal of chemistry Vol. 46; no. 45; pp. 21812 - 21822
• Main Authors: Chothe, Ujjwala P, Ambalkar, Anuradha A, Ugale, Chitra K, Kulkarni, Milind V, Kale, Bharat B
• Format: Journal Article
• Published: 21.11.2022
• ISSN: 1144-0546; 1369-9261
• DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03990g

Tin oxides are the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) owing to their abundance and their multi-electron reactions, which ultimately provide a high theoretical capacity. However, the huge volume expansion and consequent stability issues of tin and tin oxide anodes have relentlessly hindered their application in Na-ion batteries. To overcome these drawbacks, we present a facile strategy to prepare a non-metal-doped Sn 3 O 4 anode by facile hydrothermal route and the investigation of its sodium-ion storage performance. B-F@Sn 3 O 4 exhibits a triclinic structure with nanoflake morphology, length of 40100 nm, and thickness of 1015 nm. When applied as the anode material for SIBs, the resultant material exhibits excellent sodium-ion storage abilities in terms of cycling stability and high rate capability. In SIBs, the Sn 3 O 4 anode capacity was observed to be 732.8 mA h g 1 at a current density of 50 mA g 1 , and good cycling performance at 200 mA g 1 with a capacity retention of 77.5% after 120 cycles. Furthermore, the diffusion coefficients of the sodium ions calculated based on EIS measurements were observed to be in the range of 10 13 to 10 11 cm 2 s 1 , which reveals the admirable diffusion mobility of Na atoms in the Sn 3 O 4 nanoflakes. Moreover, a coin-type sodium-ion full cell consisting of the B-F@Sn 3 O 4 anode and a Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 cathode exhibited a capacity of 81.2 mA h g 1 at C/20. This study demonstrates that the Sn 3 O 4 is a promising anode material for SIBs. Thus, the B-F-doped Sn 3 O 4 material assembled by interconnected nanoflakes is capable of providing fast carrier transmission dynamics and outstanding structural integrity, suggesting the feasibility of the current framework for sodium-ion storage. Interconnected nanoflakes of modified Sn 3 O 4 are capable of providing fast carrier transmission dynamics and outstanding structural integrity, suggesting the feasibility of the current framework for sodium-ion storage.