Real-time regeneration of a working zeolite monitored X-ray diffraction and crystallographic imaging: how coke flees the MFI framework

• Published in: Dalton transactions : an international journal of inorganic chemistry Vol. 51; no. 44; pp. 16845 - 16851
• Main Authors: Kalantzopoulos, Georgios N, Rojo Gama, Daniel, Pappas, Dimitrios K, Dovgaliuk, Iurii, Olsbye, Unni, Beato, Pablo, Lundegaard, Lars F, Wragg, David S, Svelle, Stian
• Format: Journal Article
• Published: 15.11.2022
• ISSN: 1477-9226; 1477-9234
• DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02845j

We have monitored the regeneration of H-ZSM-5 via operando time-resolved powder X-Ray diffraction (PXRD) coupled with mass spectroscopy (MS). Parametric Rietveld refinements and calculation of the extra-framework electronic density by differential Fourier maps analysis provide details on the mode of coke removal combined with the corresponding sub-unit cell changes of the zeolite structure. It is clear that the coke removal is a complex process that occurs in at least two steps; a thermal decomposition followed by oxidation. In a coked zeolite, the straight 10-ring channel circumference is warped to an oval shape due to structural distortion induced by rigid aromatic coke species. The data presented explain why the difference in length between the a -vector and the b -vector of the MFI unit cell is a robust descriptor for bulky coke, as opposed to the unit cell volume, which is affected also by adsorbed species and thermal effects. Our approach holds the promise to quantify and identify coke removal (and formation) in structurally distinct locations within the zeolite framework. X-ray diffraction is used to investigate regeneration of an H-ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst used in the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons.