Aluminum porphyrins with quaternary ammonium halides as catalysts for copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide and CO: metal-ligand cooperative catalysis
Bifunctional Al III porphyrins with quaternary ammonium halides, 2-Cl and 2-Br , worked as excellent catalysts for the copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and CO 2 at 120 °C. Turnover frequency (TOF) and turnover number (TON) reached 10 000 h −1 and 55 000, respectively, and poly(cyclohexene...
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Published in | Chemical science (Cambridge) Vol. 11; no. 22; pp. 5669 - 5675 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
10.06.2020
|
Online Access | Get full text |
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Summary: | Bifunctional Al
III
porphyrins with quaternary ammonium halides,
2-Cl
and
2-Br
, worked as excellent catalysts for the copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and CO
2
at 120 °C. Turnover frequency (TOF) and turnover number (TON) reached 10 000 h
−1
and 55 000, respectively, and poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC) with molecular weight of up to 281 000 was obtained with a catalyst loading of 0.001 mol%. In contrast, bifunctional Mg
II
and Zn
II
counterparts,
3-Cl
and
4-Cl
, as well as a binary catalyst system,
1-Cl
with bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium chloride (PPNCl), showed poor catalytic performances. Kinetic studies revealed that the reaction rate was first-order in [CHO] and [
2-Br
] and zero-order in [CO
2
], and the activation parameters were determined: Δ
H
‡
= 12.4 kcal mol
−1
, Δ
S
‡
= −26.1 cal mol
−1
K
−1
, and Δ
G
‡
= 21.6 kcal mol
−1
at 80 °C. Comparative DFT calculations on two model catalysts, Al
III
complex
2′
and Mg
II
complex
3′
, allowed us to extract key factors in the catalytic behavior of the bifunctional Al
III
catalyst. The high polymerization activity and carbonate-linkage selectivity originate from the cooperative actions of the metal center and the quaternary ammonium cation, both of which facilitate the epoxide-ring opening by the carbonate anion to form the carbonate linkage in the key transition state such as
TS3b
(Δ
H
‡
= 13.3 kcal mol
−1
, Δ
S
‡
= −3.1 cal mol
−1
K
−1
, and Δ
G
‡
= 14.4 kcal mol
−1
at 80 °C).
Bifunctional Al porphyrins worked as excellent catalysts for the copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and CO
2
. |
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Bibliography: | Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Synthesis, copolymerization reactions, kinetic experiments, and DFT calculations. See DOI 10.1039/d0sc01609h |
ISSN: | 2041-6520 2041-6539 |
DOI: | 10.1039/d0sc01609h |