Phenyl-Adenine, Identified in a LIGHT-DEPENDENT SHORT HYPOCOTYLS4-Assisted Chemical Screen, Is a Potent Compound for Shoot Regeneration through the Inhibition of CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE Activity1[W][OA]
A chemical screen identifies the cytokinin-like phenyl-adenine as a potent shoot inducer that functions through dual actions of cytokinin receptor activation and suppression of cytokinin degradation. In vitro shoot regeneration is implemented in basic plant research and commercial plant production,...
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Published in | Plant physiology (Bethesda) Vol. 161; no. 3; pp. 1229 - 1241 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
American Society of Plant Biologists
03.01.2013
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Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Summary: | A chemical screen identifies the cytokinin-like phenyl-adenine as a potent shoot inducer that functions through dual actions of cytokinin receptor activation and suppression of cytokinin degradation.
In vitro shoot regeneration is implemented in basic plant research and commercial plant production, but for some plant species, it is still difficult to achieve by means of the currently available cytokinins and auxins. To identify novel compounds that promote shoot regeneration, we screened a library of 10,000 small molecules. The bioassay consisted of a two-step regeneration protocol adjusted and optimized for high-throughput manipulations of root explants of Arabidopsis (
Arabidopsis thaliana
) carrying the shoot regeneration marker
LIGHT-DEPENDENT SHORT HYPOCOTYLS4
. The screen revealed a single compound, the cytokinin-like phenyl-adenine (
Phe-Ade
), as a potent inducer of adventitious shoots. Although
Phe-Ade
triggered diverse cytokinin-dependent phenotypical responses, it did not inhibit shoot growth and was not cytotoxic at high concentrations. Transcript profiling of cytokinin-related genes revealed that
Phe-Ade
treatment established a typical cytokinin response. Moreover,
Phe-Ade
activated the cytokinin receptors ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE3 and ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE4 in a bacterial receptor assay, albeit at relatively high concentrations, illustrating that it exerts genuine but weak cytokinin activity. In addition, we demonstrated that
Phe-Ade
is a strong competitive inhibitor of CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE enzymes, leading to an accumulation of endogenous cytokinins. Collectively,
Phe-Ade
exhibits a dual mode of action that results in a strong shoot-inducing activity. |
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Bibliography: | www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.112.210716 This work was supported by the Research Fund of the University College Ghent (predoctoral fellowship to H.M.), the Scientific Research Committee of the Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University (travel grant to H.M.), the framework of the Associatieonderzoeksgroep Primaire Plantaardige Productie of the Ghent University Association, the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports (grant no. MSM 6198959216), the Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research (grant no. ED0007/01/01), the National Science Foundation of the Czech Republic (grant nos. P501/10/1141 to P.G. and P501/12/P160 to M.S.), and the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (grant no. LD12061 to O.P.). The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantphysiol.org) is: Stefaan Werbrouck (stefaan.werbrouck@hogent.be). The online version of this article contains Web-only data. Open Access articles can be viewed online without a subscription. |
ISSN: | 0032-0889 1532-2548 |
DOI: | 10.1104/pp.112.210716 |