Effects of submersion on VO 2 : comparing maximum aerobic exertion on land and underwater

• Published in: Undersea & hyperbaric medicine Vol. 51; no. 3; p. 197
• Main Authors: Bartlett, Nicholas C, Makowski, Matthew S, Ellis, Mary C, Natoli, Michael J, Maggiore, Grace H, Wright, Mary C, Derrick, Bruce J, Moon, Richard E
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 2024
• Subjects: Adult; Exercise - physiology; Exercise Test - methods; Female; Heart Rate - physiology; Humans; Immersion; Male; Oxygen Consumption - physiology; Physical Exertion - physiology; Prone Position - physiology; Pulmonary Ventilation - physiology; Young Adult; diving; oxygen consumption; submersed; preload; minute ventilation
• ISSN: 1066-2936

Submersion results in blood redistribution into the pulmonary circulation, causing changes in pulmonary compliance and increased cardiac preload. Few studies have compared incremental exercise to exhaustion (VO max testing) in a dry environment with exercise underwater. We hypothesized that the physiological effects of submersion would result in lower heart rate (HR), minute ventilation (V ), and peak oxygen uptake (VO peak) compared with dry conditions. Fourteen male and four female volunteers completed two VO peak testing sessions with approximately two hours between trials: first in the dry laboratory on a cycle ergometer and second while fully submersed in a prone position with zero static lung load. HR was monitored via ECG, and inspiratory and expiratory gas compositions were recorded using a metabolic cart. The tests were terminated once the subject reached exhaustion. Absolute VO peak was lower in the submersed VO max trial (37.1 ± 7.0 mL•kg •min ) compared with dry exercise (45.8 ± 8.9 mL•kg •min ) p < 0.001. HR and V were also lower in the submersed trial. VO peak while submersed is reduced relative to dry VO peak, which may be partly due to a decrease in heart rate and a reduction in V .