XOB: A novel phenylalkylamine antagonist of 5-HT 2A receptors and voltage-gated sodium channels

• Published in: Molecular pharmacology
• Main Authors: Denomme, Nicholas, Hernandez, Ciria C, Bock, Hailey A, Ohana, Rachel F, Bakshi, Shreeya, Sherwood, Alexander M, McCorvy, John D, Daley, Paul F, Callaway, Wyeth B, Hull, Jacob M, Alt, Andrew, Isom, Lori L, Cozzi, Nicholas V
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 31.05.2024
• Subjects: bipolar disorder; serotonin receptors; drug design; antipsychotics; anticonvulsants; Hallucinogens; voltage-gated sodium channels
• ISSN: 1521-0111

Bipolar disorder impacts millions of patients in the United States but the mechanistic understanding of its pathophysiology and therapeutics is incomplete. Atypical antipsychotic serotonin (5-HT ) receptor antagonists, such as quetiapine and olanzapine, and mood-stabilizing voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) blockers, such as lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and valproate, show therapeutic synergy and are often prescribed in combination for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Combination therapy is a complex task for clinicians and patients, often resulting in unexpected difficulties with dosing, drug tolerances, and decreased patient compliance. Thus, an unmet need for bipolar disorder treatment is to develop a therapeutic agent that targets both 5-HT receptors and VGSCs. Towards this goal, we developed a novel small molecule that simultaneously antagonizes 5-HT receptors and blocks sodium current. The new compound, -(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethyl)-6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexan-1-amine (XOB) antagonizes 5-HT-stimulated, G -mediated, calcium flux at 5-HT receptors at low micromolar concentrations while displaying negligible affinity and activity at 5-HT , 5-HT , and 5-HT receptors. At similar concentrations, XOB administration inhibits sodium current in heterologous cells and results in reduced action potential (AP) firing and VGSC-related AP properties in mouse prefrontal cortex layer V pyramidal neurons. Thus, XOB represents a new, proof-of-principle tool that can be used for future preclinical investigations and therapeutic development. This polypharmacology approach of developing a single molecule to act upon two targets, which are currently independently targeted by combination therapies, may lead to safer alternatives for the treatment of psychiatric disorders that are increasingly being found to benefit from the simultaneous targeting of multiple receptors. We synthesized a novel small molecule (XOB) that simultaneously antagonizes two key therapeutic targets of bipolar disorder, 5-HT receptors and voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), in heterologous cells, and inhibits the intrinsic excitability of mouse prefrontal cortex layer V pyramidal neurons in brain slices. XOB represents a valuable new proof-of-principle tool for future preclinical investigations and provides a novel molecular approach to the pharmacological treatment of complex neuropsychiatric disease, which often requires a combination of therapeutics for sufficient patient benefit.