Global thermal study of the Rhone - Hydrobiological impact of cumulative warming.

[Global thermal study of the Rhone - Hydrobiological impact of cumulative warming.] The global thermal study of the Rhone which was launched in 2000 at the initiative of the Rhone-Alps DRIRE (Regional Board for Industry, Research and Environment), in partnership with the DIREN Regional Environment O...

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Published inHydroecologie appliquee Vol. 16; pp. 53 - 108
Main Authors Khalanski, M, Carrel, G, Desaint, B, Fruget, J-F, Olivier, J-M, Poirel, A, Souchon, Y
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published 01.01.2008
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Summary:[Global thermal study of the Rhone - Hydrobiological impact of cumulative warming.] The global thermal study of the Rhone which was launched in 2000 at the initiative of the Rhone-Alps DRIRE (Regional Board for Industry, Research and Environment), in partnership with the DIREN Regional Environment Office, the RM&C water board, the Rhone Navigation Authorities and EDF, marked an attempt to determine the impact of cumulative warm water releases on the thermal regime of the river as a whole, and the resulting hydrobiological effects. Following the description of the thermal regime of the Rhone (phase 1) and an assessment of warming generated by the nuclear power plants (CNPE) on the river (phase 2), phase 3 bears on the hydrobiological impact of the cumulative warming. This article summarizes, with some updates, the report on phase 3 which was issued in April 2006. The French section of the Rhone is equipped with hydropower and navigation installations which create hydro-morphological conditions which are quite distinct, ranging from semi-natural rapid flow to reservoirs with slower flow and including canals and bypass sections with controlled discharge, in the original bed of the river. These habitat-structuring hydro-morphological factors, since the end of the Seventies, have been compounded by changes in the chemical quality of the water (a reduction in organic pollution and in certain toxic pollutants) and the development of exogenous species which influence the biological structure and the dynamics of the Rhone ecosystem. Over the last three decades, the thermal regime of the Rhone has essentially been affected by climate change, which has resulted in warming on the order of 1.5 C in the upper Rhone and 3.0 C in the lower Rhone. Within this general shift in temperature, it is estimated that the mean contribution of releases from the nuclear plants is on the order of 0.6 C upstream Saint-Alban and 1.4 C upstream Aramon. Statistical processing of long-term hydro-ecological monitoring data from the nuclear plants has shown that the changes observed in macro-invertebrate and fish stocks can first be explained by the effects of climate change. In response to the rise in temperature, a general modification in the structure of macro-invertebrate and fish stocks has been found in the upper Rhone over the last 25 years, most particularly in the last decade: species that prefer warm water and slow flows are favored, while cold-water stenothermic and rheophilic species show a tendency to regress. These changes are markedly more visible at the downstream sites close to the Bugey plant, permanently exposed to greater warming (around + 5 C and + 9 C) than that found further downstream after complete mixing of the power plant releases. In the lower Rhone, where stocks were already dominated by thermophilic and slow-flow taxons, the same shift is found, though it is less marked. In the bypass sections and the secondary channels, the thermal regime is largely independent of the temperature in the Rhone in summer; under present conditions, these reaches of great ecological importance are not affected by the thermal releases from the nuclear power plants. Lastly, a few recommendations are formulated. These bear on changes to be made in programs for hydro-ecological monitoring of the nuclear plants and the stepped-up monitoring program in case of climate crisis, as well as on possible research. In this latter regard, the recommendation is made to develop hydrodynamic habitat models of sectors with high ecological importance, coupling hydrological and thermal conditions. Key words - temperature, temperature rise, Rhone river, long term monitoring, macroinvertebrates, fish, thermal impactOriginal Abstract: L'etude thermique globale du Rhone, lancee en 2000 a l'initiative de la DRIRE Rhone-Alpes en partenariat avec la DIREN, l'agence de l'eau RM&C, le Service de la Navigation et EDF, a pour objectif de determiner l'incidence des rejets de chaleur cumules sur le regime thermique du fleuve et ses consequences hydrobiologiques. Apres une caracterisation du regime thermique du Rhone (phase 1), puis une evaluation de l'echauffement apporte par les centres nucleaires de production d'electricite (CNPE) au cours de la phase 2, la phase 3 concerne l'impact hydrobiologique de ces echauffements cumules. Cet article reprend, avec quelques elements nouveaux, le rapport de synthese de la phase 3 paru en avril 2006. Le Rhone est un fleuve totalement amenage pour la production hydro-electrique et la navigation. Ces amenagements ont modifie les conditions hydro-morphologiques originelles et cree de nouveaux milieux (canaux, retenues, sections court-circuitees a debit regule). A ces facteurs hydro-morphologiques contemporains qui structurent l'habitat physique des especes, se superposent depuis la fin des annees 70 des changements de la qualite chimique de l'eau (reduction de la pollution organique et de certaines pollutions toxiques). Par ailleurs, l'apparition et le developpement d'especes exogenes modifient la structure biologique et le fonctionnement de l'ecosysteme rhodanien. Au cours des trois dernieres decennies, le regime thermique du Rhone a ete affecte par le changement climatique. Il s'est traduit par un echauffement moyen d'environ 1,5 C sur le Haut-Rhone et de 3,0 C sur le Bas-Rhone. Dans cette derive generale des temperatures, sur les quinze dernieres annees les echauffements residuels moyens cumules lies aux rejets thermiques des CNPE sont estimes a environ 0,6 C a l'amont de Saint-Alban et 1,4 C a l'amont d'Aramon. L'etude des chroniques de la surveillance hydro-ecologique a long terme des CNPE indique que les modifications constatees sur les peuplements de macro-invertebres et de poissons s'expliquent en premier lieu par les effets du changement climatique. En reponse a l'elevation de temperature, une modification generale dans la structure des peuplements de macro-invertebres et de poissons a ete enregistree sur le Haut-Rhone au cours des 25 dernieres annees et particulierement pendant la derniere decennie. Les especes thermophiles et lenitophiles sont favorisees alors que les especes stenothermes d'eau froide et rheophiles regressent. A Bugey, ces tendances sont plus nettement visibles dans les stations exposees en permanence a des echauffements plus eleves (environ + 5 C et + 9 C) que dans celles situees apres melange du rejet. Sur le Bas-Rhone, ou les peuplements sont deja domines par des taxons thermophiles et lenitophiles, une derive moins marquee est egalement observee. Dans les troncons court-circuites et les annexes hydrauliques, le regime thermique est en grande partie independant de la temperature du Rhone en periode estivale. Dans les conditions actuelles, ces milieux a haute valeur ecologique ne sont pas affectes par les rejets thermiques des CNPE. Cette etude formule egalement quelques recommandations pour des ajustements des programmes de surveillance hydro-ecologique des CNPE et du programme de surveillance renforce en cas de crise climatique ainsi que sur de nouvelles actions de recherche. Dans ce domaine, il est preconise de developper des modeles hydrodynamiques d'habitat sur les secteurs a fort enjeu ecologique couplant les conditions hydrologiques et thermiques.
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ISSN:1147-9213
1958-556X
DOI:10.1051/hydro/2009005