Concentrations and delta super(13)C values of atmospheric CO sub(2) from oceanic atmosphere through time: polluted and non-polluted areas

• Published in: Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology Vol. 57; no. 5; pp. 385 - 390
• Main Authors: Longinelli, Antonio, Lenaz, Renzo, Ori, Carlo, Selmo, Enrico
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: 01.11.2005
• Subjects: Marine; MED, Italy; ISW, Central Indian Ocean; ISW, Indian Ocean, Seychelles, Mahe; PSE, Australia, Tasmania; PSE, Australia, Tasmania, Cape Grim; PS, Antarctica; ISW, Red Sea
• ISSN: 0280-6509; 1600-0889
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2005.00166.x

CO sub(2) is one of the primary agents of global climate changes. The increase of atmospheric CO sub(2) concentration is essentially related to human-induced emissions and, particularly, to the burning of fossil fuel whose delta super(13)C values are quite negative. Consequently, an increase of the CO sub(2) concentration in the atmosphere should be paralleled by a decrease of its delta super(13)C. Continuous and-or spot measurements of CO sub(2) concentrations were repeatedly carried out during the last decade and in the same period of the year along hemispheric courses from Italy to Antarctica on a vessel of the Italian National Research Program in Antarctica. During these expeditions, discrete air samples were also collected in 4-l Pyrex flasks in order to carry out precise carbon isotope analyses on atmospheric CO sub(2) from different areas, including theoretically 'clean' open ocean areas, with the main purpose of comparing these open ocean results with the results obtained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-World Meteorological Organization (NOAA-WMO) at land-based stations. According to the data obtained for these two variables, a relatively large atmospheric pollution is apparent in the Mediterranean area where the CO sub(2) concentration has reached the value of 384 ppmv while quite negative delta super(13)C values have been measured only occasionally. In this area, southerly winds probably help to reduce the effect of atmospheric pollution even though, despite a large variability of CO sub(2) concentrations, these values are consistently higher than those measured in open ocean areas by a few ppmv to about 10 ppmv. A marked, though non-continuous, pollution is apparent in the area of the Bab-el-Mandeb strait where delta super(13)C values considerably more negative than in the Central and Southern Red Sea were measured. The concentration of atmospheric CO sub(2) over the Central Indian Ocean increased from about 361 ppmv at the end of 1996 to about 373 ppmv at the end of 2003 (mean growth rate of about 1.7 ppmv yr super(-1) in excellent agreement with the NOAA-WMO data from land-based stations). Simultaneously, the mean delta super(13)C value of atmospheric CO sub(2) over the Central Indian Ocean (Equator) decreased from -7.92ppt at the end of 1998 to -8.22ppt at the end of 2003; the mean decrease rate being of about -0.06ppt yr super(-1). This rate as well as that calculated at 12 degree S (-0.05ppt yr super(-1)) are not far from the rates that may be calculated according to the data from the nearest NOAA sites (Crozet and Mahe islands); the rates calculated South of Australia and between Tasmania and N.Z. are almost identical to those calculated according to the data from Cape Grim NOAA site (Tasmania).