Review: Intercrosses and the U.S. Endangered Species Act: Should Hybridized Populations be Included as Westslope Cutthroat Trout?

There are currently no policy guidelines for treating hybrids under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). We considered the scientific basis for determining whether hybridized populations should be included as part of the westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi) unit considered for li...

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Published inConservation biology Vol. 18; no. 5; pp. 1203 - 1213
Main Authors Allendorf, Fred W, Leary, Robb F, Hitt, Nathaniel P, Knudsen, Kathy L, Lundquist, Laura L, Spruell, Paul
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published 01.10.2004
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Summary:There are currently no policy guidelines for treating hybrids under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). We considered the scientific basis for determining whether hybridized populations should be included as part of the westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi) unit considered for listing under the ESA. Westslope cutthroat trout are threatened by genomic extinction because of widespread introgressive hybridization with introduced rainbow trout (O. mykiss) and Yellowstone cutthroat trout (O. c. bouvieri). Experimental results suggest that first-generation hybrids between westslope cutthroat trout and rainbow trout have reduced fitness. However, hybridization may spread even when hybrids have severely reduced fitness because the production of hybrids is unidirectional-that is, all the progeny of a hybrid will be hybrids. In addition, heterosis resulting from the sheltering of deleterious recessive alleles in early-generation hybrids may increase the effective rate of introgression. However, such short-term increases in fitness may disrupt important long-term adaptations of native populations. The loss of these adaptations will be difficult to detect because some local adaptations might only be apparent during periodic episodes of extreme environmental conditions, such as winter storms, drought, or fire. Thus, rapid spread of hybridization could result in the loss of local adaptations in native populations of westslope cutthroat trout and decrease their probability of long-term persistence. Protection of populations with some admixture would protect sources of spreading hybridization. Treatment of hybrids in conservation planning depends primarily on the amount of evolutionary divergence between the hybridizing taxa and the geographical extent of introgression. We recommend that only nonhybridized populations be included as westslope cutthroat trout in the unit to be considered for listing. Populations of unknown status should be protected until more information about these populations becomes available.Original Abstract: Actualmente no hay lineamientos politicos para el tratamiento de hibridos bajo el Acta de Especies en Peligro. Consideramos las bases cientificas para determinar si las poblaciones hibridas deben ser incluidas como parte de la unidad de Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi considerada para ser enlistada en el Acta de Especies en Peligro. Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi esta amenazada de extinction genomica debido a hibridacion introgresiva generalizada con la trucha arco iris introducida (O. mykiss) y O. c. bouvieri. Resultados experimentales sugieren que los hibridos de primera generacion entre O. clarki lewisi y O. mykiss tienen adaptabilidad reducida. Sin embargo, la hibridacion puede extenderse aun cuando los hibridos tienen adaptabilidad severamente reducida, porque la produccion de hibridos es unidireccional (esto es, toda la progenie de un hibrido seran hibridos). Adicionalmente, la heterosis resultante del resguardo de alelos recesivos deletereos en las primeras generaciones de hibridos puede incrementar la tasa efectiva de introgresion. Sin embargo, tales incrementos de corto plazo en la adaptabilidad pueden alterar importantes adaptaciones de largo plazo en poblaciones nativas. La perdida de estas adaptaciones sera dificil de detectar porque algunas adaptaciones locales solo pueden ser aparentes durante episodios periodicos de condiciones ambientales extremas (e.g. tormentas invernales, sequia o fuego). Por tanto, la rapida expansion de la hibridacion pudiera resultar en la perdida de adaptaciones locales en poblaciones nativas de O. clarki lewisi y disminuir su probabilidad de de persistencia a largo plazo. La proteccion de poblaciones con cierta mezcla protegeria fuentes de expansion de hibridacion. El tratamiento de hibridos en la planeacion de conservacion depende primariamente de la proporcion de divergencia evolutiva entre los taxa hibridizantes y la extension geografica de la introgresion. Recomendamos que solo se incluya a poblaciones no hibridas como O. clarki lewisi en la unidad a considerar para enlistar. Se debe proteger a las poblaciones de estatus desconocido hasta que haya mas informacion disponible sobre estas poblaciones.
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ISSN:0888-8892
1523-1739
DOI:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00305.x