Eigenvalue structure of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a -symmetric double well

• Published in: Journal of physics. A, Mathematical and theoretical Vol. 46; no. 37
• Main Authors: Dast, Dennis, Haag, Daniel, Cartarius, Holger, Main, Jörg, Wunner, Günter
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: IOP Publishing 21.08.2013
• Subjects: Bose-Einstein condensate; exceptional point; PT-symmetry
• ISSN: 1751-8113; 1751-8121
• DOI: 10.1088/1751-8113/46/37/375301

We study a Bose-Einstein condensate in a -symmetric double-well potential where particles are coherently injected in one well and removed from the other well. In mean-field approximation the condensate is described by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation thus falling into the category of nonlinear non-Hermitian quantum systems. After extending the concept of symmetry to such systems, we apply an analytic continuation to the Gross-Pitaevskii equation from complex to bicomplex numbers and show a thorough numerical investigation of the four-dimensional bicomplex eigenvalue spectrum. The continuation introduces additional symmetries to the system which are confirmed by the numerical calculations and furthermore allows us to analyse the bifurcation scenarios and exceptional points of the system. We present a linear matrix model and show the excellent agreement with our numerical results. The matrix model includes both exceptional points found in the double-well potential, namely an EP2 at the tangent bifurcation and an EP3 at the pitchfork bifurcation. When the two bifurcation points coincide the matrix model possesses four degenerate eigenvectors. Close to that point we observe the characteristic features of four interacting modes in both the matrix model and the numerical calculations, which provides clear evidence for the existence of an EP4.