Using Machine Learning to Detect SMART Model Cognitive Operations in Mathematical Problem-Solving Process

Self-regulated learning (SRL) is a critical component of mathematics problem-solving. Students skilled in SRL are more likely to effectively set goals, search for information, and direct their attention and cognitive process so that they align their efforts with their objectives. An influential fram...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inJournal of Educational Data Mining Vol. 14; no. 3; pp. 76 - 108
Main Authors Zhang, Jiayi, Andres, Juliana Ma. Alexandra L, Hutt, Stephen, Baker, Ryan S, Ocumpaugh, Jaclyn, Nasiar, Nidhi, Mills, Caitlin, Brooks, Jamiella, Sethuaman, Sheela, Young, Tyron
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published International Educational Data Mining 2022
Subjects
Algorithms
Attention Control
Cognitive Processes
Computer Mediated Communication
Generalization
Grade 6
Grade 7
Learning Analytics
Learning Management Systems
Learning Strategies
Mathematics Instruction
Metacognition
Problem Solving
Protocol Analysis
Questionnaires
Reliability
Scaffolding (Teaching Technique)
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Summary:Self-regulated learning (SRL) is a critical component of mathematics problem-solving. Students skilled in SRL are more likely to effectively set goals, search for information, and direct their attention and cognitive process so that they align their efforts with their objectives. An influential framework for SRL, the SMART model (Winne, 2017), proposes that five cognitive operations (i.e., searching, monitoring, assembling, rehearsing, and translating) play a key role in SRL. However, these categories encompass a wide range of behaviors, making measurement challenging -- often involving observing individual students and recording their think-aloud activities or asking students to complete labor-intensive tagging activities as they work. In the current study, to achieve better scalability, we operationalized indicators of SMART operations and developed automated detectors using machine learning. We analyzed students' textual responses and interaction data collected from a mathematical learning platform where students are asked to thoroughly explain their solutions and are scaffolded in communicating their problem-solving process. Due to the rarity in data for one of the seven SRL indicators operationalized, we built six models to reflect students' use of four SMART operations. These models are found to be reliable and generalizable, with AUC ROCs ranging from 0.76-0.89. When applied to the full test set, these detectors are relatively robust to algorithmic bias, performing well across different student populations and with no consistent bias against a specific group of students.