Analysis of “indice” and comparing it with “opening the future” in Nizami’s Khosrow and Shirin and Leili and Majnun

• Published in: Funūn-i adabī Vol. 8; no. 3; pp. 63 - 74
• Main Authors: Abdollah vasegh abbasi, Mohammad Amir Mashhadi, Mahdi Rostami
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: Persian
• Published: University of Isfahan 01.09.2016
• Subjects: Barrett; indice; Khosrow and Shirin; Leili and Majnun; Nizami; opening the future
• ISSN: 2008-8027; 2322-3448

Abstract Roland Barthes entered the term of indice in the field of narratology for the first time. He along with the functions of Propp called Nuclei, mentions another function with the name of indice. Indices are additional units of narration that their existence is necessary for making characters and atmosphere. Indices addition to the literal meaning has implicit signified and generally are divided into the one of these items:Association of the inner states of the characters; Indices associate thoughts and emotions of the characters. For example, if the story character has been fallen in a state of having to choose, then his standing among a crowed that are coming and going on and on, is an indice that associate his distress for the reader.Strengthening of color and space; sometimes indices are used in making the space of the story, and the narrator's story by using one or more indices boosts the space and color. For example, the narrator describes the moon half hidden among the clouds billowing. This description can be the indice of a stormy night in one hand, and on the other hand, a dreading space.Opening the future has been one of the narrative techniques in classic stories. In this way that the narrator, at the beginning of the story by describing nature or use of particular terminology, would have referred to the story. If opening the future is on the basis of description of environment, it will be same as indice. In this state, the writer or poet to refer to the main theme of the story, describes the nature's elements. In this case, opening the future like the indice on one hand, strengths the space and color of the story and on the other hand, associates the character's internal affairs. Sometimes, indice accords with opening the future that its samples can be seen in the Nizami'sf "Khosrow and Shirin" and "Layla and Majnun". The two stories, elements of show future of opening the future and indice accord with the theme and atmosphere of the story. For example, the field of luxury of Khosrow and Shirin is always green and attractive. Spring day and night moonlight. The first love-affair of Khosrow and Shirin is happened in a beautiful garden and is also conducted in the spring. Elsewhere, the narrator using opening the future and a spring indice makes ready the space for Shirin to fall in love with Khosrow's picture. Also the field of night Love-affairs of Khosrow and Shirin is always bright by moonlight. Bright Stars have been crystallized on the plane of the sky. These moonlight nights are described in the opening bit or bits.  So, they are opening the futures as well as indices. In Shirin's prayer, night has made dark the space of the story. This opening the future indices the Shirin's dark days and bad fortune and associates the sadness of the protagonist. But in continue, the dark night, by coming morning takes a happy ending. The indice of rising in the morning, evokes the dawn of hope in Shirin's tight heart. At the end of the story, the narrator, describes the night and day horribly. This indice reports an infortune incident that will occur in the next bits: Khosrow beeing stabbed with a dagger. But, Majnun's night prayer is decorated with stars and lights of months. In this opening the future the narrator describes stars and planets and zodiac and houses of them in sky. However this pleasant description of night and day, indices a suit happening that will occur in the near future: getting Lily's letter to the Majnun.