Possible carcinogenic effect of 6‐mercaptopurine on bone marrow stem cells
BACKGROUND 6‐Mercaptopurine (6MP) has been regarded as nonleukemogenic, even though the cytotoxicity of 6MP depends on the incorporation of 6‐thioguanine nucleotides (6TGN) into DNA. In hematopoietic cells this pathway competes with S‐methylation catalyzed by thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT). How...
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Published in | Cancer Vol. 86; no. 6; pp. 1080 - 1086 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
New York
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
15.09.1999
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Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Summary: | BACKGROUND
6‐Mercaptopurine (6MP) has been regarded as nonleukemogenic, even though the cytotoxicity of 6MP depends on the incorporation of 6‐thioguanine nucleotides (6TGN) into DNA. In hematopoietic cells this pathway competes with S‐methylation catalyzed by thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT). However, methylated 6MP metabolites inhibit purine de novo synthesis and thus may enhance incorporation of 6TGN into DNA. Approximately 10% of white individuals have low TPMT activity as a result of polymorphisms in the TPMT gene. The authors attempted to test the hypothesis that the degree of DNA damage during 6MP therapy might reflect variations in 6MP metabolism and pharmacokinetics.
METHODS
The authors measured TPMT activity as well as erythrocyte levels of 6TGN (E‐6TGN) and methylated 6MP metabolites (E‐MeMP) during 6MP therapy in 439 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 5 of whom later developed secondary myelodysplasia or acute myeloid leukemia (sMDS/AML).
RESULTS
The patients who developed sMDS/AML had significantly lower TPMT activity compared with the remaining patients (P = 0.03). The 55 patients with TPMT activity <14 U/mL red blood cells (RBC) (antimode of the bimodal distribution) had a 5‐year risk of sMDS/AML of 9 ± 6% versus 1 ± 1% for the remaining patients (P = 0.002). Cox regression analysis identified TPMT activity and E‐MeMP level as the strongest predictors of risk for sMDS/AML (global P value = 0.02). Patients with low TPMT activity and high E‐MeMP levels had the highest risk. All 5 patients with sMDS/AML had E‐6TGN and/or E‐MeMP levels > the 90% percentiles or had TPMT activity < 14 U/mL RBC.
CONCLUSIONS
These data demonstrate an increased leukemogenic risk when 6MP is administered with other cytotoxic agents in patients with low TPMT activity, and indicate that not only high 6TGN levels but also high levels of methylated metabolites may lead to DNA damage. Cancer 1999;86:1080–6. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Patients with low thiopurine methyltransferase activity have an increased risk of developing secondary myelodysplasia or acute myeloid leukemia if treated with 6‐mercaptopurine together with other cytotoxic agents. High levels of methylated 6‐mercaptopurine metabolites also may increase the risk of secondary myelodysplasia or acute myeloid leukemia. |
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Bibliography: | Published in part previously as a meeting abstract 1998;31:209) of the International Society of Pediatric Oncology 30 Meeting, Yokohama, Japan, October 4–8, 1998. Med Pediatr Oncol |
ISSN: | 0008-543X 1097-0142 |
DOI: | 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19990915)86:6<1080::AID-CNCR26>3.0.CO;2-5 |