Prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax infections in the north-eastern focus of malaria of Venezuela

• Published in: Boletín de malariología y salud ambiental Vol. 56; no. 2; pp. 160 - 171
• Main Authors: Wide, Albina, Pabón, Rosalba, De Abreu, Nancy, Bargues, María Dolores, Salcedo, Almara, Capaldo, Jacinta, Zerpa, Noraida, Noya, Oscar
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English; Portuguese
• Published: Instituto de Altos Estudios en Salud Pública Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldon 01.12.2016
• Subjects: INFECTIOUS DISEASES; PARASITOLOGY; Plasmodium vivax; thick and thin blood smears (TTBS); Malaria asintomática; Prueba rápida de diagnóstico OptiMAL; Asymptomatic malaria; mRDTs; Gota Gruesa y Extendido de Sangre (GGES); OptiMAL; PCR
• ISSN: 1690-4648

Malaria remains as a public health problem in Venezuela. In 2015 there were 136,402 cases reported by the Ministry of Popular Power for Health, being the parasite prevalence 73.95% for Plasmodium vivax, 17.6% for Plasmodium falciparum, 0.0095% for Plasmodium malariae and 8.42% mixed infections (P. vivax + P. falciparum). During the period 1999-2002 the number of cases in Venezuela ranged between 21,685 and 29,337, being the Sucre State with highest levels of malaria prevalence, with Plasmodium vivax as the unique specie in this region. In 2002 the Municipality of Cajigal had the highest Annual Parasite Incidence (API) of country, being 260 cases per 1000 inhabitants. In view of the difficulty in controlling malaria in this area, the prevalence of asymptomatic carriers was investigated as one of the epidemiological factors contributing to the persistence of malaria transmission. One hundred fifty people were included in the study, with no history of recent malaria infection, or any symptom and also, not having used antimalarial drugs during the 30 days prior to study entry. To do this, a malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test (mRDTs) was used for the determination of antigenemic (OptiMAL®) and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) in conjunction with the reference "Gold Standard", the conventional thick and thin blood smears (TTBS). It was found a prevalence of infection of 1.33% by mRDTs and TTBS and 8% by PCR which allowed the detection of 10 asymptomatic cases in addition, with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 93.4% respectively. The presence of asymptomatic carriers in this area reveals the difficulties that face the Malaria Control Program in the eventual elimination of this specific malaria foci. It is necessary reinforces the maintenance of the epidemiological surveillance using more sensitive diagnostic techniques, as well as to adapt the control measures based on the current findings.