Microbiological and Cytological Response to Dental Implant Healing Abutment

• Published in: Journal of International Dental & Medical Research Vol. 10; no. 3; pp. 891 - 898
• Main Authors: Al-Wattar, Wifaq M Ali, Al-Wattar, Warkaa M, Al-Radha, Afya Sahib Diab
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Diyarbakir Ectodermal Dysplasia Group - Turkey 01.09.2017
• Subjects: Biofilms; Cellular biology; Dental implants; Dental prosthetics; Dentistry; Gram-negative bacteria; Microbiology; Microbiota; Microorganisms; Pathogens; Periodontics; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Surgery; Teeth; Titanium; Transplants & implants
• ISSN: 1309-100X; 1309-100X

Received date: 22 July 2017_Accept date: 27 September 2017 Introduction Dental implants have become an important option in treatment plans in dentistry to replace missing teeth.1 Implant placement procedure can performed using local anesthesia or sedation procedure or under general anesthesia.2 However; implant failure and periimplant diseases are still a problem facing implantologists.3 A successful implant treatment depends on many factors including inflammation of peri-implant tissues, and host-body rejection.4,5,6,7 The exposed surface of the implant of the oral cavity gets colonized by different microorganisms.8 Many studies indicated that bacterial colonization may occur within 30 minutes after implant placement with different types of microorganisms.9 Despite some characteristics of dental implant surface such as roughness, type and shape of the surface of materials used for dental implants affect osseointegration,10 but these characteristics have some influence on the bacterial colonization or bacterial biofilms formation, as the biofilms on the dental implant surface are the main source of pathogens for peri-implantitis.11 In addition to that and as a result to the accumulation of plaque on implant surface, dense inflammatory infiltration occurs in connective tissue, which weakens the attachment of gingiva over and around the implant.12 Ericsson et al13 identified two types of cytological entities in the implant crestal region: (a) Plaque-associated inflammatory cell infiltrate (PaICT) and (b) implant-associated inflammatory cell infiltrate. In addition to that; peri-implant lesions involve the supra-crestal connective tissue and damage to bone marrow.12 Periodontal pathogens which are opportunistic like P.gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Peptostreptococcus microbes and Fusobacterium nucleate, Actinobacillus, Actinomycetemcomitans, are seemed to be responsible for peri-implantitis in partially edentulous patients.14 Investigations of the presence of seven pathogenic microorganisms that are responsible for periodontal diseases were done before implant placement and 1 year after loading. Samples were all swabbed on glass slides heat fixed and gram stained for direct microscopical examination and transferred after a short period of time (less than one hour) to the laboratory to be cultured on blood agar, MacConkey agar, chocolate agar, Colombia blood agar for bacterial diagnosis and on brain heart infusion agar media for cryptoccocus species, Sabaroud dextrose agar for candida species. Staphylococcus is one of the main microorganisms for peri-implant infections but their presence in the present study may indicate no correlation to periodontal and peri-implant disease.28 Also, the amount of gram positive anaerobic species in implant bed was quite similar to adjacent tooth surface in the present study, which supports the findings of other researchers who found that the microbiota of healthy peri-implant tissue and around the normal teeth was similar which is characterized by the presence of small number of gram-positive facultative cocci and rods.15 For gram negative bacteria in present study was higher in their frequency in stage 2 for both conditions but for anaerobic condition was higher than aerobic in the 2 stages.