Elucidating the genetic basis of an oligogenic birth defect using whole genome sequence data in a non-model organism, Bubalus bubalis

• Published in: bioRxiv
• Main Authors: Whitacre, Lynsey K, Hoff, Jesse L, Schnabel, Robert D, Albarella, Sara, Ciotola, Francesca, Peretti, Vincenzo, Strozzi, Francesco, Ferrandi, Chiara, Rammuno, Luigi, Sonstegard, Tad S, Williams, John L, Taylor, Jerry F, Decker, Jared E
• Format: Paper
• Language: English
• Published: Cold Spring Harbor Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 29.06.2016
• Subjects: Alleles; Birth defects; Congenital defects; Embryogenesis; Gene mapping; Genetic diversity; Genome-wide association studies; Genomes; Inbreeding; Nucleotide sequence; Phenotypes; Single-nucleotide polymorphism
• DOI: 10.1101/060996

Recent strong selection for dairy traits in water buffalo has been associated with higher levels of inbreeding, leading to an increase in the prevalence of genetic diseases such as transverse hemimelia (TH), a congenital developmental abnormality characterized by the absence of a variable distal portion of the hindlimbs. The limited genomic resources available for water buffalo, in conjunction with an unconfirmed inheritance pattern, required an original approach to identify genetic variants associated with this disease. The genomes of 4 bilaterally affected cases, 7 unilaterally affected cases, and 14 controls were sequenced. Variant calling identified 19.8 million high confidence single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 2.8 million insertions/deletions (INDELs). A concordance analysis of SNPs and INDELs requiring all unilateral and bilateral cases and none of the controls to be homozygous for the same allele, revealed two genes, WNT7A and SMARCA4, known to play a role in embryonic hindlimb development. Additionally, SNP alleles in NOTCH1 and RARB were homozygous exclusively in the bilaterally affected cases, suggesting an oligogenic mode of inheritance. Homozygosity mapping by whole genome de novo assembly was then used to identify large contigs representing regions of homozygosity in the cases. This also supported an oligogenic mode of inheritance; implicating 13 genes involved in aberrant hindlimb development in the bilateral cases and 11 in the unilateral cases. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) predicted additional modifier genes. Results from these analyses suggest that mutations in SMARCA4 and WNT7A are required for expression of TH, while several other loci including NOTCH1 act as modifiers and increase the severity of the disease phenotype. Although our data show that the inheritance of TH is complex, we predict that homozygous variants in WNT7A and SMARCA4 are necessary for the expression of TH and selection against these variants and avoidance of carrier-to-carrier matings should eradicate TH.