Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire

• Published in: Journal of occupational and organizational psychology Vol. 72; no. 4; pp. 441 - 462
• Main Authors: AVOLIO, B. J, BASS, B. M, JUNG, D. I
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Leicester British Psychological Society 01.12.1999
• Subjects: Behavior; Biological and medical sciences; Charisma; Comparison; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; International; Leadership; Management; Management reviews; Management styles; Measures; Occupations; Organization; Organization theory; Personnel selection; Principal components analysis; Psychology; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry; Psychology. Psychophysiology; Psychometrics. Sociometry; Questionnaires; Social psychology; Statistical analysis; Studies; Transactional leadership; Transformational leadership; United States > US; Human; Test validation; Leadership; Social behavior; Questionnaire; Confirmatory factor analysis; Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Bass; Psychometrics
• ISSN: 0963-1798; 2044-8325
• DOI: 10.1348/096317999166789

A total of 3786 respondents in 14 independent samples, ranging in size from 45 to 549 in US and foreign firms and agencies, completed the latest version of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ Form 5X), each describing their respective leader. Based on prior literature, 9 models representing different factor structures were compared to determine the best fit for the MLQ survey. The models were tested in an original set of 9 samples, and then in a second replication set comprised of 5 samples. Results indicated the factor structure for the MLQ survey was best represented by 6 lower order factors and 3 correlated higher-order factors.