Nursing home residence confounds gender differences in Medicare utilization an example of Simpson's paradox

• Published in: Women's health issues Vol. 20; no. 2; pp. 105 - 113
• Main Authors: Kronman, Andrea C, Freund, Karen M, Hanchate, Amresh, Emanuel, Ezekiel J, Ash, Arlene S
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 01.03.2010
• Subjects: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology); Eligibility Determination - economics; End of life decisions; Female; Gender differences; Health Expenditures; Humans; Male; Medicare; Medicare - statistics & numerical data; Medicare - utilization; Models, Statistical; Nursing homes; Nursing Homes - economics; Paradoxes; Quality of Health Care; Reimbursement Mechanisms - economics; Residence; Retrospective Studies; Sex Distribution; Terminal Care - economics; Terminal Care - statistics & numerical data; Terminally Ill - statistics & numerical data; United States; United States
• ISSN: 1049-3867; 1878-4321
• DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2009.11.016

Gender differences in health care utilization in older Americans may be confounded by nursing home residence. Medicare data contain several files that can be used to create a measure of nursing home residence, but prior work has not addressed which best account for potential confounding. Simpson's paradox occurs when aggregated data support a different conclusion from what the disaggregated data show. We describe such a paradox that appeared when we sharpened our definition of "nursing home residence" while examining gender differences in Medicare utilization at the end of life. To understand gender-specific health care utilization at the end of life, we conducted a retrospective analysis of a national random sample of Medicare beneficiaries aged 66 or older who died in 2001 with Parts A and B data for 18 months before death. We sought to associate each of total hospital days and costs during the final 6 months of life with numbers of primary care physician visits in the 12 preceding months. In addition to demographics, comorbidities, and geography, "nursing home residence" was a potential confounder, which we imputed in two ways: 1) from skilled nursing facility bills in the Part A Medicare Provider Analysis and Review (MedPAR) file; and 2) from Berenson-Eggers-Type-of-Service codes indicating widely spaced doctor visits in nursing homes obtained from Medicare's carrier file. Gender differences in Medicare utilization are strongly confounded by nursing home resident status, which can be imputed well from Medicare's carrier file, but not MedPAR.