Diamond‐Based Supercapacitors with Ultrahigh Cyclic Stability Through Dual‐Phase MnO2‐Graphitic Transformation Induced by High‐Dose Mn‐Ion Implantation

• Published in: Advanced functional materials Vol. 34; no. 8
• Main Authors: Deshmukh, Sujit, Kunuku, Srinivasu, Jakobczyk, Pawel, Olejnik, Adrian, Chen, Chien‐Hsu, Niu, Huan, Yang, Bing, Yang, Nianjun, Bogdanowicz, Robert
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Hoboken Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 19.02.2024
• Subjects: Aqueous electrolytes; Batteries; boron doped diamond; Capacitance; capacitance retention; Carbon; Diamond films; Diamonds; Discharge; Electrodes; Electrolytes; Energy storage; granular grains; Graphitization; Ion implantation; Ion transport; Manganese dioxide; Mn ion implantation; pseudocapactors; redox electrolytes; Redox reactions; Stability; Supercapacitors
• ISSN: 1616-301X; 1616-3028
• DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202308617

While occasionally being able to charge and discharge more quickly than batteries, carbon‐based electrochemical supercapacitors (SCs) are nevertheless limited by their simplicity of processing, adjustable porosity, and lack of electrocatalytic active sites for a range of redox reactions. Even SCs based on the most stable form of carbon (sp3 carbon/diamond) have a poor energy density and inadequate capacitance retention during long charge/discharge cycles, limiting their practical applications. To construct a SC with improved cycling stability/energy density Mn‐ion implanted (high‐dose; 1015–1017 ions cm−2) boron doped diamond (Mn‐BDD) films have been prepared. Mn ion implantation and post‐annealing process results in an in situ graphitization (sp2 phase) and growth of MnO2 phase with roundish granular grains on the BDD film, which is favorable for ion transport. The dual advantage of both sp2 (graphitic phase) and sp3 (diamond phase) carbons with an additional pseudocapacitor (MnO2) component provides a unique and critical function in achieving high‐energy SC performance. The capacitance of Mn‐BDD electrode in a redox active aqueous electrolyte (0.05 M Fe(CN)63‐/4− + 1 M Na2SO4) is as high as 51 mF cm−2 at 10 mV s−1 with exceptional cyclic stability (≈100% capacitance even after 10 000 charge/discharge cycles) placing it among the best‐performing SCs. Furthermore, the ultrahigh capacitance retention (≈80% retention after 88 000 charge/discharge cycles) in a gel electrolyte containing a two‐electrode configuration shows a promising prospect for high‐rate electrochemical capacitive energy storage applications. High dose Mn ion implantation (1015–1017 ions cm−2) on boron doped diamond (BDD) followed by vacuum annealing at 750 oC leads to the dual‐phase MnO2‐graphitic transformation on the BDD surface. The synergistic combination of sp3 carbons (diamond phase) and amorphous MnO2 granular particles with atomic‐level engineering of BDD surface is a promising strategy to build diamond‐based energy storage devices with ultrahigh cyclic stability.