Histopathology of severe childhood asthma: A case series

• Published in: Chest Vol. 124; no. 1; pp. 32 - 41
• Main Authors: JERKINS, Henry A, COOL, Carlyne, SZEFLER, Stanley J, COVAR, Ronina, BRUGMAN, Susan, GELFAND, Erwin W, SPAHN, Joseph D
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Northbrook, IL American College of Chest Physicians 01.07.2003
• Subjects: Adolescent; Asthma - drug therapy; Asthma - pathology; Asthma - physiopathology; Basement Membrane - pathology; Biological and medical sciences; Biopsy; Bronchi - pathology; Bronchoscopy; Child; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma; Female; Forced Expiratory Volume; Humans; Inflammation - pathology; Male; Medical sciences; Muscle, Smooth - pathology; Pneumology; Respiratory Function Tests; Human; airway inflammation; Pathophysiology; Respiratory disease; airway remodeling; Inflammation; Asthma; Respiratory tract; Pathology; severe asthma; Severity score; Obstructive pulmonary disease; glucocorticoids; Child
• ISSN: 0012-3692; 1931-3543
• DOI: 10.1378/chest.124.1.32

To date, little has been published describing the pathology of severe childhood asthma. The currently accepted model of asthma holds that persistent airway inflammation leads to various symptoms of asthma, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling that ultimately results in permanent loss of lung function. Evaluation of six children referred to the National Jewish Medical and Research Center with difficult-to-control asthma, despite aggressive anti-inflammatory therapy, who underwent bronchoscopy with endobronchial biopsy to better characterize their disease. In every case, endobronchial biopsies revealed changes consistent with airway remodeling characterized by thickening of the basement membrane, smooth-muscle hypertrophy, with varying degrees of goblet-cell and submucous gland hyperplasia. The degree of subbasement membrane thickening did not appear to correlate with baseline FEV(1), ultimate FEV(1) following aggressive therapy, or lability in lung function. In five of six cases, there was minimal to no histologic evidence for airway inflammation with mild and patchy submucosal lymphocytic infiltration noted; eosinophils and neutrophils were not present. Further, the majority of the patients achieved normal FEV(1) values despite significant subbasement membrane thickening, counter to the current beliefs regarding airway remodeling and irreversible loss of lung function. This case report highlights some of the shortcomings of the current inflammatory paradigm for severe asthma. Despite little evidence of ongoing airway inflammation, many of the subjects displayed significant lung function lability. The lack of inflammation argues against steroid resistance at a cellular level, although it could be argued that inflammation may have been distal to the site sampled. Additionally, normal to nearly normal lung function was achieved despite the presence of significant remodeling. These findings suggest the need to look beyond inflammation to fully treat severe asthma and ultimately alter its progression.