Toward Interpretable Deep Reinforcement Learning with Linear Model U-Trees

• Published in: Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases Vol. 11052; pp. 414 - 429
• Main Authors: Liu, Guiliang, Schulte, Oliver, Zhu, Wang, Li, Qingcan
• Format: Book Chapter
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland Springer International Publishing AG 2019; Springer International Publishing
• Series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science
• ISBN: 3030109275; 9783030109271
• ISSN: 0302-9743; 1611-3349
• DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-10928-8_25

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has achieved impressive success in many applications. A key component of many DRL models is a neural network representing a Q function, to estimate the expected cumulative reward following a state-action pair. The Q function neural network contains a lot of implicit knowledge about the RL problems, but often remains unexamined and uninterpreted. To our knowledge, this work develops the first mimic learning framework for Q functions in DRL. We introduce Linear Model U-trees (LMUTs) to approximate neural network predictions. An LMUT is learned using a novel on-line algorithm that is well-suited for an active play setting, where the mimic learner observes an ongoing interaction between the neural net and the environment. Empirical evaluation shows that an LMUT mimics a Q function substantially better than five baseline methods. The transparent tree structure of an LMUT facilitates understanding the network’s learned strategic knowledge by analyzing feature influence, extracting rules, and highlighting the super-pixels in image inputs. Code related to this paper is available at: https://github.com/Guiliang/uTree_mimic_mountain_car.