A three-dimensional evaluation of human facial asymmetry

Soft-tissue facial asymmetry was studied in a group of 80 young healthy white Caucasian adults (40 men, 40 women) with no craniofacial, dental or mandibular disorders. For each subject, the 3-dimensional coordinates of 16 standardised soft-tissue facial landmarks (trichion, nasion, pronasale, subnas...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inJournal of anatomy Vol. 186 ( Pt 1); no. Pt 1; pp. 103 - 110
Main Authors Ferrario, V F, Sforza, C, Miani, Jr, A, Serrao, G
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England 01.02.1995
Subjects
Adult
Anthropometry - methods
Face - pathology
Facial Asymmetry - pathology
Female
Humans
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted - methods
Infrared Rays
Male
Mathematics
Photography
Sex Characteristics
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Summary:Soft-tissue facial asymmetry was studied in a group of 80 young healthy white Caucasian adults (40 men, 40 women) with no craniofacial, dental or mandibular disorders. For each subject, the 3-dimensional coordinates of 16 standardised soft-tissue facial landmarks (trichion, nasion, pronasale, subnasale, B point, pogonion, eye lateral canthi, nasal alae, labial commissures, tragi, gonia) were measured by infrared photogrammetry by an automated instrument. The form of the right and left hemifaces was assessed by calculating all the possible linear distances between pairs of landmarks within side. Side differences were tested by using euclidean distance matrix analysis. The mean faces of both groups were significantly asymmetric, i.e. the 2 sides of face showed significant differences in shape, but no differences in size.
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ISSN:0021-8782
1469-7580