Mixed hepatocellular carcinoma and high-grade neuroendocrine neoplasm with ambiguous histopathological features: a case report

• Published in: Medical molecular morphology
• Main Authors: Tsuji, Kentaro, Abe, Makoto, Wakamatsu, Saho, Hoshi, Sayuri, Hoshi, Nobuo, Takagi, Chisato, Fukushima, Noriyoshi, Hirabayashi, Kaoru
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Japan 23.08.2024
• Subjects: Neuroendocrine tumor G3; Combined tumor; Primary hepatic neuroendocrine neoplasm; Neuroendocrine differentiation; Mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasm; Neuroendocrine carcinoma
• ISSN: 1860-1499; 1860-1499
• DOI: 10.1007/s00795-024-00396-x

Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (NET) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) are distinct entities with different biological behavior. However, difficult cases showing equivocal morphology have been reported in some organs. Herein, we report a case of primary hepatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) with ambiguous histopathological features admixed with conventional hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A 70-year-old man with untreated chronic hepatitis B underwent left medial sectionectomy because of two incidental liver masses. On pathological examination, one of the resected tumors had intermingling NEN and HCC components. The NEN component consisted of relatively uniform tumor cells proliferating in trabecular, cord-like, or solid patterns with peripheral nuclear palisading. The tumor cells were immunopositive for synaptophysin, chromogranin A, cluster of differentiation 56 (CD56), and focally hepatocyte paraffin 1. p53 showed wild-type expression. The Ki-67 labeling index was 27% at the hot spot. Eleven months after the surgery, he died of a cerebral hemorrhage without evidence of recurrent liver cancer. The intermediate degree of differentiation and the modest proliferative activity can challenge the distinction between NEC and NET G3. While the coexisting HCC indicates NEC rather than NET in a pathogenetic viewpoint, such ambiguous tumor may not be as aggressive as typical NECs.