Is the H 2 economy realizable in the foreseeable future? Part III: H 2 usage technologies, applications, and challenges and opportunities

• Published in: International journal of hydrogen energy Vol. 45; no. 53; p. 28217
• Main Authors: Nazir, Hassan, Muthuswamy, Navaneethan, Louis, Cindrella, Jose, Sujin, Prakash, Jyoti, Buan, Marthe E M, Flox, Cristina, Chavan, Sai, Shi, Xuan, Kauranen, Pertti, Kallio, Tanja, Maia, Gilberto, Tammeveski, Kaido, Lymperopoulos, Nikolaos, Carcadea, Elena, Veziroglu, Emre, Iranzo, Alfredo, M Kannan, Arunachala
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England 30.10.2020
• Subjects: Combustion; H2 application; H2 society; Industrial; Fuel cells
• ISSN: 0360-3199
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.07.256

Energy enthusiasts in developed countries explore sustainable and efficient pathways for accomplishing zero carbon footprint through the H economy. The major objective of the H economy review series is to bring out the status, major issues, and opportunities associated with the key components such as H production, storage, transportation, distribution, and applications in various energy sectors. Specifically, Part I discussed H production methods including the futuristic ones such as photoelectrochemical for small, medium, and large-scale applications, while Part II dealt with the challenges and developments in H storage, transportation, and distribution with national and international initiatives. Part III of the H economy review discusses the developments and challenges in the areas of H application in chemical/metallurgical industries, combustion, and fuel cells. Currently, the majority of H is being utilized by a few chemical industries with >60% in the oil refineries sector, by producing grey H by steam methane reforming on a large scale. In addition, the review also presents the challenges in various technologies for establishing greener and sustainable H society.