Unsupervised Learning of Functional Network Dynamics in Resting State fMRI

• Published in: Information Processing in Medical Imaging Vol. 23; pp. 426 - 437
• Main Authors: Eavani, Harini, Satterthwaite, Theodore D., Gur, Raquel E., Gur, Ruben C., Davatzikos, Christos
• Format: Book Chapter Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin, Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2013
• Series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science
• Subjects: Algorithms; Artificial Intelligence; Brain - physiology; Brain Mapping - methods; Data Interpretation, Statistical; functional connectivity; Humans; Image Enhancement - methods; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted - methods; Magnetic Resonance Imaging - methods; Nerve Net - physiology; Pattern Recognition, Automated - methods; Reproducibility of Results; Rest - physiology; resting state fMRI; Sensitivity and Specificity; temporal network dynamics
• ISBN: 3642388671; 9783642388675
• ISSN: 0302-9743; 1011-2499; 1611-3349
• DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38868-2_36

Research in recent years has provided some evidence of temporal non-stationarity of functional connectivity in resting state fMRI. In this paper, we present a novel methodology that can decode connectivity dynamics into a temporal sequence of hidden network “states” for each subject, using a Hidden Markov Modeling (HMM) framework. Each state is characterized by a unique covariance matrix or whole-brain network. Our model generates these covariance matrices from a common but unknown set of sparse basis networks, which capture the range of functional activity co-variations of regions of interest (ROIs). Distinct hidden states arise due to a variation in the strengths of these basis networks. Thus, our generative model combines a HMM framework with sparse basis learning of positive definite matrices. Results on simulated fMRI data show that our method can effectively recover underlying basis networks as well as hidden states. We apply this method on a normative dataset of resting state fMRI scans. Results indicate that the functional activity of a subject at any point during the scan is composed of combinations of overlapping task-positive/negative pairs of networks as revealed by our basis. Distinct hidden temporal states are produced due to a different set of basis networks dominating the covariance pattern in each state.