Spatial and temporal variability of soil N2O and CH4 fluxes along a degradation gradient in a palm swamp peat forest in the Peruvian Amazon

• Published in: Global change biology Vol. 26; no. 12; pp. 7198 - 7216
• Main Authors: Hergoualc’h, Kristell, Dezzeo, Nelda, Verchot, Louis V., Martius, Christopher, Lent, Jeffrey, Aguila‐Pasquel, Jhon, López Gonzales, Mariela
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.12.2020; John Wiley and Sons Inc
• Subjects: Air temperature; Amazonia; Annual variations; climate; Climate change; Degradation; ecosystems; Emissions; Emissions control; Environmental control; Fluxes; forests; fruits; GHG emissions; Greenhouse effect; Greenhouse gases; Groundwater table; Mauritia flexuosa; Mauritia flexuosa swamp forests; Methane; microrelief; Microtopography; Moisture content; Nitrification; Nitrous oxide; Peat; peatland; Peatlands; Peru; Primary; Primary s; Soil; Soil water; Soils; Swamps; temporal variation; Temporal variations; tropical; Tropical climate; Water table; Peru; Amazonia
• ISSN: 1354-1013; 1365-2486
• DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15354

Mauritia flexuosa palm swamp, the prevailing Peruvian Amazon peatland ecosystem, is extensively threatened by degradation. The unsustainable practice of cutting whole palms for fruit extraction modifies forest's structure and composition and eventually alters peat‐derived greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We evaluated the spatiotemporal variability of soil N2O and CH4 fluxes and environmental controls along a palm swamp degradation gradient formed by one undegraded site (Intact), one moderately degraded site (mDeg) and one heavily degraded site (hDeg). Microscale variability differentiated hummocks supporting live or cut palms from surrounding hollows. Macroscale analysis considered structural changes in vegetation and soil microtopography as impacted by degradation. Variables were monitored monthly over 3 years to evaluate intra‐ and inter‐annual variability. Degradation induced microscale changes in N2O and CH4 emission trends and controls. Site‐scale average annual CH4 emissions were similar along the degradation gradient (225.6 ± 50.7, 160.5 ± 65.9 and 169.4 ± 20.7 kg C ha−1 year−1 at the Intact, mDeg and hDeg sites, respectively). Site‐scale average annual N2O emissions (kg N ha−1 year−1) were lower at the mDeg site (0.5 ± 0.1) than at the Intact (1.3 ± 0.6) and hDeg sites (1.1 ± 0.4), but the difference seemed linked to heterogeneous fluctuations in soil water‐filled pore space (WFPS) along the forest complex rather than to degradation. Monthly and annual emissions were mainly controlled by variations in WFPS, water table level (WT) and net nitrification for N2O; WT, air temperature and net nitrification for CH4. Site‐scale N2O emissions remained steady over years, whereas CH4 emissions rose exponentially with increased precipitation. While the minor impact of degradation on palm swamp peatland N2O and CH4 fluxes should be tested elsewhere, the evidenced large and variable CH4 emissions and significant N2O emissions call for improved modeling of GHG dynamics in tropical peatlands to test their response to climate changes. Over 3 years of monitoring, Peruvian Amazon Mauritia flexuosa palm swamp peatlands showed significant N2O emissions and large CH4 emissions, the later exhibiting an exponential rise with increased precipitation. Their degradation, which results from cutting whole palms for fruit extraction, induced microscale (hummock and hollow of live and cut palms) changes in N2O and CH4 emission trends and controls but no obvious changes at the macroscale. Monthly and annual emissions were mainly controlled by variations in: WFPS, water table level (WT), and net nitrification for N2O; WT, air temperature and net nitrification for CH4.