地球規模汚染物質としての水銀とその曝露評価および健康影響
「はじめに」水銀およびその化合物は, 金属水銀(Hg0), 無機水銀(Hg2+), 有機水銀(メチル水銀:CH3Hg+等)に分類される. 金属水銀は常温・常圧で液体である唯一の金属で, 他の金属と容易にアマルガムを形成することから, 古くから各種金属の精錬に使われた歴史があり, 水銀アマルガムは歯科治療にも用いられてきた. また, 水銀は体温計・気圧計・血圧計などの計測機器および照明器具や乾電池などの電気製品にも使われてきた. 金属水銀は, 電気分解による苛性ソーダの生産における触媒として, 今でも海外では多量に使われている. その他, 水銀化合物は消毒薬の赤チン(マーキロクロム), 農薬や防...
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| Published in | 日本衛生学雑誌 Vol. 73; no. 3; pp. 258 - 264 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | Japanese |
| Published |
一般社団法人日本衛生学会
2018
日本衛生学会 |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0021-5082 1882-6482 |
| DOI | 10.1265/jjh.73.258 |
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| Abstract | 「はじめに」水銀およびその化合物は, 金属水銀(Hg0), 無機水銀(Hg2+), 有機水銀(メチル水銀:CH3Hg+等)に分類される. 金属水銀は常温・常圧で液体である唯一の金属で, 他の金属と容易にアマルガムを形成することから, 古くから各種金属の精錬に使われた歴史があり, 水銀アマルガムは歯科治療にも用いられてきた. また, 水銀は体温計・気圧計・血圧計などの計測機器および照明器具や乾電池などの電気製品にも使われてきた. 金属水銀は, 電気分解による苛性ソーダの生産における触媒として, 今でも海外では多量に使われている. その他, 水銀化合物は消毒薬の赤チン(マーキロクロム), 農薬や防カビ剤等のさまざまな薬品としても利用されてきた. しかし, 水銀の使用は人々に健康障害も引き起こした. 日本における水俣病が, その最たるものであるといえる. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | 「はじめに」水銀およびその化合物は, 金属水銀(Hg0), 無機水銀(Hg2+), 有機水銀(メチル水銀:CH3Hg+等)に分類される. 金属水銀は常温・常圧で液体である唯一の金属で, 他の金属と容易にアマルガムを形成することから, 古くから各種金属の精錬に使われた歴史があり, 水銀アマルガムは歯科治療にも用いられてきた. また, 水銀は体温計・気圧計・血圧計などの計測機器および照明器具や乾電池などの電気製品にも使われてきた. 金属水銀は, 電気分解による苛性ソーダの生産における触媒として, 今でも海外では多量に使われている. その他, 水銀化合物は消毒薬の赤チン(マーキロクロム), 農薬や防カビ剤等のさまざまな薬品としても利用されてきた. しかし, 水銀の使用は人々に健康障害も引き起こした. 日本における水俣病が, その最たるものであるといえる. |
| Author | 中村, 政明 坂本, 峰至 村田, 勝敬 |
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| References | (26) Debes F, Weihe P, Grandjean P. Cognitive deficits at age 22 years associated with prenatal exposure to methylmercury. Cortex 2016;74:358–369. (20) Sakamoto M, Murata K, Domingo JL, Yamamoto M, Oliveira RB, Kawakami S, Nakamura M. Implications of mercury concentrations in umbilical cord tissue in relation to maternal hair segments as biomarkers for prenatal exposure to methylmercury. Environ Res 2016;149:282–287. (4) WHO. Mercury. Environmental Health Criteria 1. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1976. (9) Disease Study Group of Minamata Disease. Minamata Disease. Kumamoto: Kumamoto University, 2008. (22) Davidson PW, Myers GJ, Cox C, Shamlaye CF, Marsh DO, Tanner MA, Berlin M, Sloane-Reeves J, Cernichiari E, Choisy O, et al. Longitudinal neurodevelopmental study of Seychellois children following in utero exposure to methylmercury from maternal fish ingestion: outcomes at 19 and 29 months. Neurotoxicology 1995;16:677–688. (17) Nakamura M, Hachiya N, Murata KY, Nakanishi I, Kondo T, Yasutake A, Miyamoto K, Ser PH, Omi S, Furusawa H, et al. Methylmercury exposure and neurological outcomes in Taiji residents accustomed to consuming whale meat. Environ Int 2014;68:25–32. (21) Grandjean P, Weihe P, Jørgensen PJ, Clarkson T, Cernichiari E, Viderø T. Impact of maternal seafood diet on fetal exposure to mercury, selenium, and lead. Arch Environ Health 1992;47:185–195. (24) Grandjean P, Murata K, Budtz-Jørgensen E, Weihe P. Cardiac autonomic activity in methylmercury neruotoxicity: 14-year follow-up of a Faroese birth cohort. J Pediatr 2004;144:169–176. (3) UNEP. Mercury—Time to act. Geneva: UNEP, 2013. (25) Murata K, Weihe P, Budtz-Jørgensen E, Jørgensen PJ, Grandjean P. Delayed brainstem auditory evoked potential latencies in 14-year-old children exposed to methylmercury. J Pediatr 2004;144:177–183. (27) Davidson PW, Myers GJ, Cox C, Axtell C, Shamlaye C, Sloane-Reeves J, Cernichiari E, Needham L, Choi A, Wang Y, et al. Effects of prenatal and postnatal methylmercury exposure from fish consumption on neurodevelopment: outcomes at 66 months of age in the Seychelles Child Development Study. JAMA 1998;280:701–707. (10) Harada M. Congenital Minamata disease: intrauterine methylmercury poisoning. Teratology 1978;18:285–288. (1) UNEP. Global Mercury Assessment 2013: Sources, emission, releases and environmental transport. Geneva: UNEP Chemicals Branch, 2013. (28) Myers GJ, Davidson PW, Cox C, Shamlaye CF, Palumbo D, Cernichiari E, Sloane-Reeves J, Wilding GE, Kost J, Huang LS, Clarkson TW. Prenatal methylmercury exposure from ocean fish consumption in the Seychelles Child Development Study. Lancet 2003;361:1686–1692. (7) UNIDO. Protocols for environmental and health assessment of mercury released by artisanal and small-scale gold miners; 2008. (11) Amin-Zaki L, Elhassani S, Majeed MA, Clarkson TW, Doherty RA, Greenwood M. Intra-uterine methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. Pediatrics 1974;54:587–595. (16) Sakamoto M, Itai T, Yasutake A, Iwasaki T, Yasunaga G, Fujise Y, Nakamura M, Murata K, Chan HM, Domingo JL, Marumoto M. Mercury speciation and selenium in toothed-whale muscles. Environ Res 2015;143:55–61. (29) Strain JJ, Davidson PW, Bonham MP, Duffy EM, Stokes-Riner A, Thurston SW, Wallace JM, Robson PJ, Shamlaye CF, Georger LA, et al. Associations of maternal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, methyl mercury, and infant development in the Seychelles Child Development Nutrition Study. Neurotoxicology 2008;29:776–782. (8) WHO. Guidance for identifying populations at risk from mercury exposure. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008. (13) Iwata T, Sakamoto M, Feng X, Yoshida M, Liu XJ, Dakeishi M, Li P, Qiu G, Jiang H, Nakamura M, Murata K. Effects of mercury vapor exposure on neuromotor function in Chinese miners and smelters. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2007;80:381–387. (18) Sakamoto M, Yasutake A, Kakita A, Ryufuku M, Chan HM, Yamamoto M, Oumi S, Kobayashi S, Watanabe C. Selenomethionine protects against neuronal degeneration by methylmercury in the developing rat cerebrum. Environ Sci Technol 2013;47:2862–2868. (19) Sakamoto M, Kubota M, Liu XJ, Murata K, Nakai K, Satoh H. Maternal and fetal mercury and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a risk and benefit of fish consumption to fetus. Environ Sci Technol 2004;38:3860–3863. (15) Araki S, Sato H, Yokoyama K, Murata K. Subclinical neurophysiological effects of lead: A review on peripheral, central, and autonomic nervous system effects in lead workers. Am J Ind Med 2000;37:193–204. (31) Tatsuta N, Murata K, Iwai-Shimada M, Yaginuma-Sakurai K, Satoh H, Nakai K. Psychomotor ability in children prenatally exposed to methylmercury: The 18-month follow-up of Tohoku Study of Child Development. Tohoku J Exp Med 2017;242:1–8. (23) Grandjean P, Weihe P, White RF, Debes F, Araki S, Yokoyama K, Murata K, Sørensen N, Dahl R, Jorgensen PJ. Cognitive deficit in 7-year-old children with prenatal exposure to methylmercury. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1997;19:417–428. (12) Sakamoto M, Feng X, Li P, Qiu G, Jiang H, Yoshida M, Iwaia T, Liu XJ, Murata K. High exposure of Chinese mercury mine workers to elemental mercury vapor and increased methylmercury levels in their hair. Environ Health Prev Med 2007;12:66–70. (6) WHO. Inorganic mercury. Environmental Health Criteria 118. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1991. (2) NRC: National Research Council. Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury. Washington, DC.: Academic Press, 2000. (30) Suzuki K, Nakai K, Sugawara T, Nakamura T, Ohba T, Shimada M, Hosokawa T, Okamura K, Sakai T, Kurokawa N, et al. Neurobehavioral effects of prenatal exposure to methylmercury and PCBs, and seafood intake: neonatal behavioral assessment scale results of Tohoku Study of Child Development. Environ Res 2010;110:699–704. (5) WHO. Methylmercury. Environmental Health Criteria 101. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1990. (14) Li P, Feng X, Qiu G, Li Z, Fu X, Sakamoto M, Liu X, Wang D. Mercury exposures and symptoms in smelting workers of artisanal mercury mines in Wuchuan, Guizhou, China. Environ Res 2008;107:108–114. |
| References_xml | – reference: (2) NRC: National Research Council. Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury. Washington, DC.: Academic Press, 2000. – reference: (9) Disease Study Group of Minamata Disease. Minamata Disease. Kumamoto: Kumamoto University, 2008. – reference: (18) Sakamoto M, Yasutake A, Kakita A, Ryufuku M, Chan HM, Yamamoto M, Oumi S, Kobayashi S, Watanabe C. Selenomethionine protects against neuronal degeneration by methylmercury in the developing rat cerebrum. Environ Sci Technol 2013;47:2862–2868. – reference: (27) Davidson PW, Myers GJ, Cox C, Axtell C, Shamlaye C, Sloane-Reeves J, Cernichiari E, Needham L, Choi A, Wang Y, et al. Effects of prenatal and postnatal methylmercury exposure from fish consumption on neurodevelopment: outcomes at 66 months of age in the Seychelles Child Development Study. JAMA 1998;280:701–707. – reference: (23) Grandjean P, Weihe P, White RF, Debes F, Araki S, Yokoyama K, Murata K, Sørensen N, Dahl R, Jorgensen PJ. Cognitive deficit in 7-year-old children with prenatal exposure to methylmercury. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1997;19:417–428. – reference: (25) Murata K, Weihe P, Budtz-Jørgensen E, Jørgensen PJ, Grandjean P. Delayed brainstem auditory evoked potential latencies in 14-year-old children exposed to methylmercury. J Pediatr 2004;144:177–183. – reference: (8) WHO. Guidance for identifying populations at risk from mercury exposure. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008. – reference: (17) Nakamura M, Hachiya N, Murata KY, Nakanishi I, Kondo T, Yasutake A, Miyamoto K, Ser PH, Omi S, Furusawa H, et al. Methylmercury exposure and neurological outcomes in Taiji residents accustomed to consuming whale meat. Environ Int 2014;68:25–32. – reference: (26) Debes F, Weihe P, Grandjean P. Cognitive deficits at age 22 years associated with prenatal exposure to methylmercury. Cortex 2016;74:358–369. – reference: (21) Grandjean P, Weihe P, Jørgensen PJ, Clarkson T, Cernichiari E, Viderø T. Impact of maternal seafood diet on fetal exposure to mercury, selenium, and lead. Arch Environ Health 1992;47:185–195. – reference: (6) WHO. Inorganic mercury. Environmental Health Criteria 118. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1991. – reference: (14) Li P, Feng X, Qiu G, Li Z, Fu X, Sakamoto M, Liu X, Wang D. Mercury exposures and symptoms in smelting workers of artisanal mercury mines in Wuchuan, Guizhou, China. Environ Res 2008;107:108–114. – reference: (15) Araki S, Sato H, Yokoyama K, Murata K. Subclinical neurophysiological effects of lead: A review on peripheral, central, and autonomic nervous system effects in lead workers. Am J Ind Med 2000;37:193–204. – reference: (19) Sakamoto M, Kubota M, Liu XJ, Murata K, Nakai K, Satoh H. Maternal and fetal mercury and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a risk and benefit of fish consumption to fetus. Environ Sci Technol 2004;38:3860–3863. – reference: (20) Sakamoto M, Murata K, Domingo JL, Yamamoto M, Oliveira RB, Kawakami S, Nakamura M. Implications of mercury concentrations in umbilical cord tissue in relation to maternal hair segments as biomarkers for prenatal exposure to methylmercury. Environ Res 2016;149:282–287. – reference: (29) Strain JJ, Davidson PW, Bonham MP, Duffy EM, Stokes-Riner A, Thurston SW, Wallace JM, Robson PJ, Shamlaye CF, Georger LA, et al. Associations of maternal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, methyl mercury, and infant development in the Seychelles Child Development Nutrition Study. Neurotoxicology 2008;29:776–782. – reference: (4) WHO. Mercury. Environmental Health Criteria 1. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1976. – reference: (3) UNEP. Mercury—Time to act. Geneva: UNEP, 2013. – reference: (12) Sakamoto M, Feng X, Li P, Qiu G, Jiang H, Yoshida M, Iwaia T, Liu XJ, Murata K. High exposure of Chinese mercury mine workers to elemental mercury vapor and increased methylmercury levels in their hair. Environ Health Prev Med 2007;12:66–70. – reference: (7) UNIDO. Protocols for environmental and health assessment of mercury released by artisanal and small-scale gold miners; 2008. – reference: (5) WHO. Methylmercury. Environmental Health Criteria 101. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1990. – reference: (11) Amin-Zaki L, Elhassani S, Majeed MA, Clarkson TW, Doherty RA, Greenwood M. Intra-uterine methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. Pediatrics 1974;54:587–595. – reference: (31) Tatsuta N, Murata K, Iwai-Shimada M, Yaginuma-Sakurai K, Satoh H, Nakai K. Psychomotor ability in children prenatally exposed to methylmercury: The 18-month follow-up of Tohoku Study of Child Development. Tohoku J Exp Med 2017;242:1–8. – reference: (22) Davidson PW, Myers GJ, Cox C, Shamlaye CF, Marsh DO, Tanner MA, Berlin M, Sloane-Reeves J, Cernichiari E, Choisy O, et al. Longitudinal neurodevelopmental study of Seychellois children following in utero exposure to methylmercury from maternal fish ingestion: outcomes at 19 and 29 months. Neurotoxicology 1995;16:677–688. – reference: (10) Harada M. Congenital Minamata disease: intrauterine methylmercury poisoning. Teratology 1978;18:285–288. – reference: (24) Grandjean P, Murata K, Budtz-Jørgensen E, Weihe P. Cardiac autonomic activity in methylmercury neruotoxicity: 14-year follow-up of a Faroese birth cohort. J Pediatr 2004;144:169–176. – reference: (30) Suzuki K, Nakai K, Sugawara T, Nakamura T, Ohba T, Shimada M, Hosokawa T, Okamura K, Sakai T, Kurokawa N, et al. Neurobehavioral effects of prenatal exposure to methylmercury and PCBs, and seafood intake: neonatal behavioral assessment scale results of Tohoku Study of Child Development. Environ Res 2010;110:699–704. – reference: (1) UNEP. Global Mercury Assessment 2013: Sources, emission, releases and environmental transport. Geneva: UNEP Chemicals Branch, 2013. – reference: (13) Iwata T, Sakamoto M, Feng X, Yoshida M, Liu XJ, Dakeishi M, Li P, Qiu G, Jiang H, Nakamura M, Murata K. Effects of mercury vapor exposure on neuromotor function in Chinese miners and smelters. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2007;80:381–387. – reference: (16) Sakamoto M, Itai T, Yasutake A, Iwasaki T, Yasunaga G, Fujise Y, Nakamura M, Murata K, Chan HM, Domingo JL, Marumoto M. Mercury speciation and selenium in toothed-whale muscles. Environ Res 2015;143:55–61. – reference: (28) Myers GJ, Davidson PW, Cox C, Shamlaye CF, Palumbo D, Cernichiari E, Sloane-Reeves J, Wilding GE, Kost J, Huang LS, Clarkson TW. Prenatal methylmercury exposure from ocean fish consumption in the Seychelles Child Development Study. Lancet 2003;361:1686–1692. |
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| Snippet | 「はじめに」水銀およびその化合物は, 金属水銀(Hg0), 無機水銀(Hg2+), 有機水銀(メチル水銀:CH3Hg+等)に分類される. 金属水銀は常温・常圧で液体である唯一の金属で, 他の金属と容易にアマルガムを形成することから, 古くから各種金属の精錬に使われた歴史があり,... |
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| SubjectTerms | メチル水銀 水俣条約 水俣病 胎児性水俣病 |
| Title | 地球規模汚染物質としての水銀とその曝露評価および健康影響 |
| URI | https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjh/73/3/73_258/_article/-char/ja http://mol.medicalonline.jp/library/journal/download?GoodsID=ch4eisei/2018/007303/003&name=0258-0264j |
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