緑の価値の客観的評価と波及効果 欧米諸国におけるi-Treeの実例を踏まえて
i-Treeは都市森林の構造および生態系サービス解析のためのコンピュータプログラム群であり，2006年の最初のリリース以来，欧米諸国を中心に世界中で利用されている。本稿では，i-Treeの利用が先行する欧米諸国での実例に基づいて，緑の定量的および客観的評価の事例を紹介する。また，これらの評価がどのように都市森林の維持・管理，計画立案，政策決定，費用対効果分析，市民の啓蒙・参加，環境教育へと波及したかについても論じる。...
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| Published in | 日本緑化工学会誌 Vol. 44; no. 3; pp. 460 - 464 |
|---|---|
| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | Japanese |
| Published |
日本緑化工学会
28.02.2019
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0916-7439 0916-7439 |
| DOI | 10.7211/jjsrt.44.460 |
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| Abstract | i-Treeは都市森林の構造および生態系サービス解析のためのコンピュータプログラム群であり，2006年の最初のリリース以来，欧米諸国を中心に世界中で利用されている。本稿では，i-Treeの利用が先行する欧米諸国での実例に基づいて，緑の定量的および客観的評価の事例を紹介する。また，これらの評価がどのように都市森林の維持・管理，計画立案，政策決定，費用対効果分析，市民の啓蒙・参加，環境教育へと波及したかについても論じる。 |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | i-Treeは都市森林の構造および生態系サービス解析のためのコンピュータプログラム群であり，2006年の最初のリリース以来，欧米諸国を中心に世界中で利用されている。本稿では，i-Treeの利用が先行する欧米諸国での実例に基づいて，緑の定量的および客観的評価の事例を紹介する。また，これらの評価がどのように都市森林の維持・管理，計画立案，政策決定，費用対効果分析，市民の啓蒙・参加，環境教育へと波及したかについても論じる。 |
| Author | 平林, 聡 |
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| Copyright | 2019 日本緑化工学会 |
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| References | 21) Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E. (2000) The urban forest effects (UFORE) model: quantifying urban forest structure and functions. In: Integrated Tools for Natural Resources Inventories in the 21st Century: Proceedings of the IUFRO Conference. (eds. Hansen, M., Burk, T.). pp. 714-720. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-212. 14) i-Tree. "i-Tree Lesson Plans". http://itreelessons.com (Accessed: 10-Mar-2017). 23) Nowak, D.J., Cumming, A.B., Twardus, D., Hoehn, III, R.E., Oswalt, C.M., Brandeis, T.J. (2009) Urban forest of Tennessee, 2009. General technical report SRS-149, Southern research station, USDA forest service. https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Tennessee%20UF_gtr_srs149.pdf (Accessed: 27-Dec-2018). 31) Smith, J.E., Heath, L.S., Skog, K.E., Birdsey, R.A. (2006) Methods for Calculating Forest Ecosystem and Harvested Carbon with Standard Estimates for Forest Types of the United States. 220 pp. USDA Forest Service, Newtown Square, PA. 30) Rumble, H., Rogers, K., Doick, K., Hutchings, T. (2014) Valuing Wrexham's urban forest - assessing the ecosystem services of Wrexham's urban trees: a technical report. The research agency of the forestry commission http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/FR_Doick_itree_Wrexham_2014.pdf/$file/FR_Doick_itree_Wrexham_2014.pdf (Accessed: 26-Dec-2018). 16) Johnston M. (1996) A brief history of urban forestry in the United States. Arboric. J. 20(3): 257-278. 6) Castanon, J. (2018) A retrospective analyses of the environmental and economic benefits of the Balboa Park urban forest. 16 pp. San Diego State University, CA. 11) Ihrke, D. (2014) Reason for Moving: 2012 to 2013. Popul. Charact. No. June: 15. 5) Casey Trees. Stormwater & Trees: How do DC's trees help clean our rivers? http://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/CaseyTrees_StormwaterReport.pdf (Accessed: 18-Dec-2018). 9) 平林 聡・徳江義宏・伊藤 綾・Alexis Ellis・Robert Hoehn・今村史子・森岡千恵 (2016) 川崎市川崎区を事例としたi-Tree Ecoによる街路樹の生態系サービスおよびその貨幣価値の推定．日本緑化工学会誌 42（1）: 44-49. 34) Ubbens, R. (2008) Every tree counts: a portrait of Toronto's urban forest. City of Toronto urban forestry (Accessed: 20-Dec-2018). 13) i-Tree. "i-Tree ecosystem analysis: Adrian - Urban forest effects and values". https://www.itreetools.org/eco/resources/Adrian_Eco_Written_Report.pdf (Accessed: 12-Dec-2018). 33) Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA). (2011) Peel Region Urban Forest Strategy. 94 pp. TRCA, Toronto, Canada 25) Open Tree Map. "Inventory your trees". https://www.opentreemap.org/ (Accessed: 27-Dec-2018). 12) i-Tree. "Tools for assessing and managing forests & community trees". http://www.itreetools.org/ (Accessed: 8-Nov-2018). 7) Ciecko, L., Tenneson, K. Dilley, J., Wolf, K. (2012) Seattle's forest ecosystem values: Analysis of the structure, function, and economic benefits. Green cities research alliance, http://issuu.com/cieckol/ (Accessed: 18-Nov-2018). 29) Rogers K., Jaluzot A., Neilan C. (2012) Green Benefits in Victoria Business Improvement District - an Analysis of Trees and Other Green Assets in the Victoria Business Improvement District. 23 pp. Victoria Business Improvement District, UK 19) McPherson, G.E., Simpson, J.R., Peper, P.J., Maco, S.E., Gardner, S.L., Cozad, S.K., Xiao, Q. (2005) City of Minneapolis, Minnesota municipal tree resource analysis. 35 pp. USDA Forest Service, Davis, CA. http://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Minneapolis%20Municipal%20Tree%20Resource%20Analysis.pdf (Accessed: 27-Dec-2018). 20) New York City Street Tree Map. "Explore and Care for NYC's Urban Forest". https://tree-map.nycgovparks.org/ (Accessed: 18-Dec-2018). 26) Pace, M., Sales, T. (2012) Mesquite urban forest ecosystem analysis. The City of Mesquite. https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Mesquite_Texas_EcoStudy2012.pdf (Accessed: 27-Dec-2018). 18) Maco, S.E., McPherson, E.G. (2003) A practical approach to assessing Structure, Function, and Value of Street Trees. J. Arboric. 29(2): 84-97. 17) Leff M. (2016) The Sustainable Urban Forest A Step-by-Step Approach. 109 pp. USDA Forest Service／Davey Institute, Philadelphia, PA. 24) Nowak, D.J., Hoehn, III, R.E., Bodine, A.R., Crane, D.E., Dwyer, J.F., Bonnewell, V., Watson, G. (2012) Urban trees and forests of the Chicago region. Resource bulletin NRS-84, Northern research station, USDA forest service. https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Chicago_Region_rb_nrs84.pdf (Accessed: 27-Dec-2018). 35) Wang, J., Hassett J.M., Endreny, T.A. (2005) An object oriented approach to the description and simulation of watershed scale hydrologic processes. Comput. Geosci. 31(4): 425-435. 4) Casey Trees.Carbon Storage Report: How much carbon is stored in D.C. trees? http://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/CaseyTrees_CarbonStorageReport.pdf (Accessed: 18-Dec-2018). 27) Pace, M., Kralik, A. (2014) Plano urban forest ecosystem analysis. Preservation Tree Service. https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Plano_Urban_Forest_Ecosystem_Analysis_2014.pdf (Accessed: 14-Nov-2018). 8) Escobedo F.J., Giannico, V., Jim, C.Y., Sanesi, G., Lafortezza, R. (2018) Urban forests, ecosystem services, green infrastructure and nature-based solutions: Nexus or evolving metaphors? Urb. For. & Urb. Gr., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.02.011 (Accessed: 27-Dec-2018). 28) Rogers, K., Jarratt, T., Hansford, D. (2011) Torbay's urban forest: assessing urban forest effects and values - a report on the findings from the UK i-Tree Eco pilot project. Treeconomics https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Torbay_UF_Report.pdf (Accessed: 26-Dec-2018). 10) Hutchings, T., Lawrence, V., Brunt, A. (2012) Estimating the ecosystem service value of Edinburgh's trees. The research agency of the forestry commission https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Edinburgh_iTree_Report.pdf (Accessed: 10-Dec-2018). 15) i-Tree. "i-Tree Reports". http://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports.php (Accessed: 10-Nov-2018). 32) Still, D., Kwolek, C. (2014) Providence's urban forest: structure, effects and values - i-Tree Eco system analysis. City of Providence forestry division https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/iTreeEcoProv2014.pdf (Accessed: 27-Dec-2018). 2) Brenneis L., Wheeler J., Jones, A. (2012) Urban Forest Management Plan: Edmonton's Urban Forest - Taking Root Today for a Sustainable Tomorrow. 38 pp. The city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 22) Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., Stevens, J.C., Walton, J.T. (2006) Assessing urban forest effects and values: Casper's urban forest. Northern research station, USDA forest service. http://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Casper%20-%20Assessing%20Urban%20Forest%20Effects%20and%20Values.pdf (Accessed: 27-Dec-2018). 3) Casey Trees. Air Pollution & Trees: How do DC's trees help us breathe clean air? http://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/CaseyTrees_AirPollutionReport.pdf (Accessed: 18-Dec-2018). 1) Arbor Day Foundation. "Tree City USA". https://www.arborday.org/programs/treecityusa/ (Accessed: 9-Nov-2018). |
| References_xml | – reference: 11) Ihrke, D. (2014) Reason for Moving: 2012 to 2013. Popul. Charact. No. June: 15. – reference: 26) Pace, M., Sales, T. (2012) Mesquite urban forest ecosystem analysis. The City of Mesquite. https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Mesquite_Texas_EcoStudy2012.pdf (Accessed: 27-Dec-2018). – reference: 27) Pace, M., Kralik, A. (2014) Plano urban forest ecosystem analysis. Preservation Tree Service. https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Plano_Urban_Forest_Ecosystem_Analysis_2014.pdf (Accessed: 14-Nov-2018). – reference: 5) Casey Trees. Stormwater & Trees: How do DC's trees help clean our rivers? http://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/CaseyTrees_StormwaterReport.pdf (Accessed: 18-Dec-2018). – reference: 35) Wang, J., Hassett J.M., Endreny, T.A. (2005) An object oriented approach to the description and simulation of watershed scale hydrologic processes. Comput. Geosci. 31(4): 425-435. – reference: 6) Castanon, J. (2018) A retrospective analyses of the environmental and economic benefits of the Balboa Park urban forest. 16 pp. San Diego State University, CA. – reference: 29) Rogers K., Jaluzot A., Neilan C. (2012) Green Benefits in Victoria Business Improvement District - an Analysis of Trees and Other Green Assets in the Victoria Business Improvement District. 23 pp. Victoria Business Improvement District, UK – reference: 2) Brenneis L., Wheeler J., Jones, A. (2012) Urban Forest Management Plan: Edmonton's Urban Forest - Taking Root Today for a Sustainable Tomorrow. 38 pp. The city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. – reference: 32) Still, D., Kwolek, C. (2014) Providence's urban forest: structure, effects and values - i-Tree Eco system analysis. City of Providence forestry division https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/iTreeEcoProv2014.pdf (Accessed: 27-Dec-2018). – reference: 1) Arbor Day Foundation. "Tree City USA". https://www.arborday.org/programs/treecityusa/ (Accessed: 9-Nov-2018). – reference: 8) Escobedo F.J., Giannico, V., Jim, C.Y., Sanesi, G., Lafortezza, R. (2018) Urban forests, ecosystem services, green infrastructure and nature-based solutions: Nexus or evolving metaphors? Urb. For. & Urb. Gr., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2018.02.011 (Accessed: 27-Dec-2018). – reference: 19) McPherson, G.E., Simpson, J.R., Peper, P.J., Maco, S.E., Gardner, S.L., Cozad, S.K., Xiao, Q. (2005) City of Minneapolis, Minnesota municipal tree resource analysis. 35 pp. USDA Forest Service, Davis, CA. http://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Minneapolis%20Municipal%20Tree%20Resource%20Analysis.pdf (Accessed: 27-Dec-2018). – reference: 31) Smith, J.E., Heath, L.S., Skog, K.E., Birdsey, R.A. (2006) Methods for Calculating Forest Ecosystem and Harvested Carbon with Standard Estimates for Forest Types of the United States. 220 pp. USDA Forest Service, Newtown Square, PA. – reference: 12) i-Tree. "Tools for assessing and managing forests & community trees". http://www.itreetools.org/ (Accessed: 8-Nov-2018). – reference: 17) Leff M. (2016) The Sustainable Urban Forest A Step-by-Step Approach. 109 pp. USDA Forest Service／Davey Institute, Philadelphia, PA. – reference: 10) Hutchings, T., Lawrence, V., Brunt, A. (2012) Estimating the ecosystem service value of Edinburgh's trees. The research agency of the forestry commission https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Edinburgh_iTree_Report.pdf (Accessed: 10-Dec-2018). – reference: 16) Johnston M. (1996) A brief history of urban forestry in the United States. Arboric. J. 20(3): 257-278. – reference: 4) Casey Trees.Carbon Storage Report: How much carbon is stored in D.C. trees? http://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/CaseyTrees_CarbonStorageReport.pdf (Accessed: 18-Dec-2018). – reference: 13) i-Tree. "i-Tree ecosystem analysis: Adrian - Urban forest effects and values". https://www.itreetools.org/eco/resources/Adrian_Eco_Written_Report.pdf (Accessed: 12-Dec-2018). – reference: 21) Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E. (2000) The urban forest effects (UFORE) model: quantifying urban forest structure and functions. In: Integrated Tools for Natural Resources Inventories in the 21st Century: Proceedings of the IUFRO Conference. (eds. Hansen, M., Burk, T.). pp. 714-720. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-212. – reference: 33) Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA). (2011) Peel Region Urban Forest Strategy. 94 pp. TRCA, Toronto, Canada – reference: 20) New York City Street Tree Map. "Explore and Care for NYC's Urban Forest". https://tree-map.nycgovparks.org/ (Accessed: 18-Dec-2018). – reference: 30) Rumble, H., Rogers, K., Doick, K., Hutchings, T. (2014) Valuing Wrexham's urban forest - assessing the ecosystem services of Wrexham's urban trees: a technical report. The research agency of the forestry commission http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/FR_Doick_itree_Wrexham_2014.pdf/$file/FR_Doick_itree_Wrexham_2014.pdf (Accessed: 26-Dec-2018). – reference: 14) i-Tree. "i-Tree Lesson Plans". http://itreelessons.com (Accessed: 10-Mar-2017). – reference: 22) Nowak, D.J., Crane, D.E., Stevens, J.C., Walton, J.T. (2006) Assessing urban forest effects and values: Casper's urban forest. Northern research station, USDA forest service. http://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Casper%20-%20Assessing%20Urban%20Forest%20Effects%20and%20Values.pdf (Accessed: 27-Dec-2018). – reference: 25) Open Tree Map. "Inventory your trees". https://www.opentreemap.org/ (Accessed: 27-Dec-2018). – reference: 34) Ubbens, R. (2008) Every tree counts: a portrait of Toronto's urban forest. City of Toronto urban forestry (Accessed: 20-Dec-2018). – reference: 18) Maco, S.E., McPherson, E.G. (2003) A practical approach to assessing Structure, Function, and Value of Street Trees. J. Arboric. 29(2): 84-97. – reference: 24) Nowak, D.J., Hoehn, III, R.E., Bodine, A.R., Crane, D.E., Dwyer, J.F., Bonnewell, V., Watson, G. (2012) Urban trees and forests of the Chicago region. Resource bulletin NRS-84, Northern research station, USDA forest service. https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Chicago_Region_rb_nrs84.pdf (Accessed: 27-Dec-2018). – reference: 28) Rogers, K., Jarratt, T., Hansford, D. (2011) Torbay's urban forest: assessing urban forest effects and values - a report on the findings from the UK i-Tree Eco pilot project. Treeconomics https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Torbay_UF_Report.pdf (Accessed: 26-Dec-2018). – reference: 23) Nowak, D.J., Cumming, A.B., Twardus, D., Hoehn, III, R.E., Oswalt, C.M., Brandeis, T.J. (2009) Urban forest of Tennessee, 2009. General technical report SRS-149, Southern research station, USDA forest service. https://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/Tennessee%20UF_gtr_srs149.pdf (Accessed: 27-Dec-2018). – reference: 7) Ciecko, L., Tenneson, K. Dilley, J., Wolf, K. (2012) Seattle's forest ecosystem values: Analysis of the structure, function, and economic benefits. Green cities research alliance, http://issuu.com/cieckol/ (Accessed: 18-Nov-2018). – reference: 9) 平林 聡・徳江義宏・伊藤 綾・Alexis Ellis・Robert Hoehn・今村史子・森岡千恵 (2016) 川崎市川崎区を事例としたi-Tree Ecoによる街路樹の生態系サービスおよびその貨幣価値の推定．日本緑化工学会誌 42（1）: 44-49. – reference: 15) i-Tree. "i-Tree Reports". http://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports.php (Accessed: 10-Nov-2018). – reference: 3) Casey Trees. Air Pollution & Trees: How do DC's trees help us breathe clean air? http://www.itreetools.org/resources/reports/CaseyTrees_AirPollutionReport.pdf (Accessed: 18-Dec-2018). |
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| SubjectTerms | i-Tree グリーンインフラ 生態系サービス 都市森林 |
| Subtitle | 欧米諸国におけるi-Treeの実例を踏まえて |
| Title | 緑の価値の客観的評価と波及効果 |
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