家事スキルの格差が家事分担のジェンダー不平等をもたらすメカニズム 日本における要因配置実験に基づく検討
これまでの研究では，家事分担の平等化に遅れが生じる理由の1つとして家事スキルのジェンダー格差が重要であることが指摘されてきた．本稿の目的は，カップルにおける家事スキルの格差が各パートナーの家事行動に影響を与えるのか，どのようなメカニズムによって影響を与えるのかを検討することにある．具体的には，専門化理論や地位特性理論を用いて異なるメカニズムに関する仮説を導出し，日本在住の20～50代の男女を対象にした要因配置実験を用いて検証する．家事意欲を従属変数とした分析結果は，専門化メカニズムから予想されたように家事スキルの格差が家事意欲に影響を与える一方で，その効果の大きさは有償労働での比較優位の大きさ...
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| Published in | 社会学評論 Vol. 75; no. 1; pp. 93 - 108 |
|---|---|
| Main Author | |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | Japanese |
| Published |
日本社会学会
2024
|
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0021-5414 1884-2755 |
| DOI | 10.4057/jsr.75.93 |
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| Abstract | これまでの研究では，家事分担の平等化に遅れが生じる理由の1つとして家事スキルのジェンダー格差が重要であることが指摘されてきた．本稿の目的は，カップルにおける家事スキルの格差が各パートナーの家事行動に影響を与えるのか，どのようなメカニズムによって影響を与えるのかを検討することにある．具体的には，専門化理論や地位特性理論を用いて異なるメカニズムに関する仮説を導出し，日本在住の20～50代の男女を対象にした要因配置実験を用いて検証する．家事意欲を従属変数とした分析結果は，専門化メカニズムから予想されたように家事スキルの格差が家事意欲に影響を与える一方で，その効果の大きさは有償労働での比較優位の大きさによって左右されないことを示していた．家事スキルの格差の効果について，ジェンダーステレオタイプによる評価メカニズムから予想されるような，ヴィネットパーソンの性別や性別と家事スキルに関する地位信念による違いはみられなかった．以上の結果は，家事スキルの格差が，不平等な家事分担の合理化の方便としてだけ機能するわけではなく，家事行動そのものに影響を与える可能性が高いことを示唆する．ジェンダーに基づく社会化によって男女で異なる家事スキルを身につけているという仮定が成り立つ場合には，家事スキルが家事労働での生産性に基づく専門化メカニズムを通じて不平等な家事分担をもたらす可能性を示している． |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | これまでの研究では，家事分担の平等化に遅れが生じる理由の1つとして家事スキルのジェンダー格差が重要であることが指摘されてきた．本稿の目的は，カップルにおける家事スキルの格差が各パートナーの家事行動に影響を与えるのか，どのようなメカニズムによって影響を与えるのかを検討することにある．具体的には，専門化理論や地位特性理論を用いて異なるメカニズムに関する仮説を導出し，日本在住の20～50代の男女を対象にした要因配置実験を用いて検証する．家事意欲を従属変数とした分析結果は，専門化メカニズムから予想されたように家事スキルの格差が家事意欲に影響を与える一方で，その効果の大きさは有償労働での比較優位の大きさによって左右されないことを示していた．家事スキルの格差の効果について，ジェンダーステレオタイプによる評価メカニズムから予想されるような，ヴィネットパーソンの性別や性別と家事スキルに関する地位信念による違いはみられなかった．以上の結果は，家事スキルの格差が，不平等な家事分担の合理化の方便としてだけ機能するわけではなく，家事行動そのものに影響を与える可能性が高いことを示唆する．ジェンダーに基づく社会化によって男女で異なる家事スキルを身につけているという仮定が成り立つ場合には，家事スキルが家事労働での生産性に基づく専門化メカニズムを通じて不平等な家事分担をもたらす可能性を示している． |
| Author | 尾藤, 央延 |
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| References | Blair, S. & D. Lichter, 1991, "Measuring the Division of Household Labor: Gender Segregation of Housework Among American Couples," Journal of Family Issues, 12(1): 91-113. Ridgeway, C., 2011, Framed by Gender: How Gender Inequality Persists in the Modern World, New York: Oxford University Press. Beagan, B., G. Chapman, A. D' Sylva & R. Bassett, 2008, "'It's Just Easier for Me to Do It': Rationalizing the Family Division of Foodwork," Sociology, 42(4): 653-71. Tai, T. & J. Treas, 2012, "Housework Task Hierarchies in 32 Countries," European Sociological Review, 29(4): 780-91. Nisic, N., F. Molitor & M. Trübner, 2023, "Rethinking Paid Domestic Services in Modern Societies ：Experimental Evidence on the Effect of Quality and Professionalisation on Service Demand," International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 43(13/14): 106-28. Sullivan, O., J. Gershuny & J. Robinson, 2018, "Stalled or Uneven Gender Revolution? A Long-Term Processual Framework for Understanding Why Change Is Slow," Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(1): 263-79. Coppock, A., T. Leeper & K. Mullinix, 2018, "Generalizability of Heterogeneous Treatment Effect Estimates across Samples," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(49): 12441-6. Becker, G., 1981, A Treatise on the Family, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 筒井淳也・竹内麻貴，2016，「家事分担研究の課題―公平の視点から効果の視点へ」『季刊家計経済研究』109: 13-25. Ridgeway, C. & S. Correll, 2004, "Unpacking the Gender System: A Theoretical Perspective on Gender Beliefs and Social Relations," Gender & Society, 18(4): 510-31. Bansak, K., J. Hainmueller, D. Hopkins & T. Yamamoto, 2021, "Conjoint Survey Experiments," J. Druckman & D. Green eds., Advances in Experimental Political Science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 19-41. van Hooff, J., 2011, "Rationalising Inequality: Heterosexual Couples' Explanations and Justifications for the Division of Housework along Traditionally Gendered Lines," Journal of Gender Studies, 20(1): 19-30. Brinton, M., & D. Lee, 2016, "Gender-Role Ideology, Labor Market Institutions, and Post-industrial Fertility," Population and Development Review, 42(3): 405-33. Cunningham, M., 2001, "Parental Influences on the Gendered Division of Housework," American Sociological Review, 66(2): 184-203. 筒井淳也，2015，『仕事と家族―日本はなぜ働きづらく，産みにくいのか』中央公論新社 Bauer, G., 2016, "Gender Roles, Comparative Advantages and the Life Course: The Division of Domestic Labor in Same-Sex and Different-Sex Couples," European Journal of Population, 32(1): 99-128. Voßemer, J. & S. Heyne, 2019, "Unemployment and Housework in Couples: Task-Specific Differences and Dynamics Over Time," Journal of Marriage and Family, 81(5): 1074-90. 筒井淳也，2011，「日本の家事分担における性別分離の分析」田中重人・永井暁子編『家族と仕事』（第3回家族についての全国調査（NFRJ08）第2次報告書 第1巻），日本家族社会学会全国家族調査委員会，55-74 Cordero-Coma, J. & G. Esping-Andersen, 2018, "The Intergenerational Transmission of Gender Roles: Children's Contribution to Housework in Germany," Journal of Marriage and Family, 80(4): 1005-19. Daminger, A., 2019, "The Cognitive Dimension of Household Labor," American Sociological Review, 84(4): 609-33. Ahrne, G. & C. Roman, 1997, Hemmet, barnen och makten: Förhandlinger om arbete och pengar i familjen, Rapport till Utredningen om fördelningen av ekonomisk makt och ekonomiska resurser mellan kvinnor ovh män, Stockholm: SOU.（日本・スウェーデン家族比較研究会・友子ハンソン訳，2001，『家族に潜む権力―スウェーデン平等社会の理想と現実』青木書店） 孫詩彧，2022，『家事育児の分担にみる夫と妻の権力関係―共働き家庭のペアデータ分析』明石書店 South, S. & G. Spitze, 1994, "Housework in Marital and Nonmarital Households," American Sociological Review, 59(3): 327-47. Gough, M. & A. Killewald, 2011, "Unemployment in Families: The Case of Housework," Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(5): 1085-100. van der Lippe, T., J. Treas & L. Norbutas, 2018, "Unemployment and the Division of Housework in Europe," Work, Employment and Society, 32(4): 650-69. Mullinix, K., T. Leeper, J. Druckman & J. Freese, 2015, "The Generalizability of Survey Experiments," Journal of Experimental Political Science, 2(2): 109-38. England, P., 2010, "The Gender Revolution: Uneven and Stalled," Gender & Society, 24(2): 149-66. Gershuny, J., M. Bittman & J. Brice, 2005, "Exit, Voice, and Suffering: Do Couples Adapt to Changing Employment Patterns?" Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(3): 656-65. Auspurg, K. & T. Hinz, 2015, Factorial Survey Experiments, Los Angeles: Sage Publications. Twiggs, J., J. McQuillan & M. Ferree, 1999, "Meaning and Measurement: Reconceptualizing Measures of the Division of Household Labor," Journal of Marriage and Family, 61(3): 712-24. |
| References_xml | – reference: Cordero-Coma, J. & G. Esping-Andersen, 2018, "The Intergenerational Transmission of Gender Roles: Children's Contribution to Housework in Germany," Journal of Marriage and Family, 80(4): 1005-19. – reference: Ridgeway, C. & S. Correll, 2004, "Unpacking the Gender System: A Theoretical Perspective on Gender Beliefs and Social Relations," Gender & Society, 18(4): 510-31. – reference: Daminger, A., 2019, "The Cognitive Dimension of Household Labor," American Sociological Review, 84(4): 609-33. – reference: Becker, G., 1981, A Treatise on the Family, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. – reference: Twiggs, J., J. McQuillan & M. Ferree, 1999, "Meaning and Measurement: Reconceptualizing Measures of the Division of Household Labor," Journal of Marriage and Family, 61(3): 712-24. – reference: Auspurg, K. & T. Hinz, 2015, Factorial Survey Experiments, Los Angeles: Sage Publications. – reference: 筒井淳也，2011，「日本の家事分担における性別分離の分析」田中重人・永井暁子編『家族と仕事』（第3回家族についての全国調査（NFRJ08）第2次報告書 第1巻），日本家族社会学会全国家族調査委員会，55-74． – reference: 筒井淳也，2015，『仕事と家族―日本はなぜ働きづらく，産みにくいのか』中央公論新社． – reference: Cunningham, M., 2001, "Parental Influences on the Gendered Division of Housework," American Sociological Review, 66(2): 184-203. – reference: Ahrne, G. & C. Roman, 1997, Hemmet, barnen och makten: Förhandlinger om arbete och pengar i familjen, Rapport till Utredningen om fördelningen av ekonomisk makt och ekonomiska resurser mellan kvinnor ovh män, Stockholm: SOU.（日本・スウェーデン家族比較研究会・友子ハンソン訳，2001，『家族に潜む権力―スウェーデン平等社会の理想と現実』青木書店）． – reference: England, P., 2010, "The Gender Revolution: Uneven and Stalled," Gender & Society, 24(2): 149-66. – reference: Coppock, A., T. Leeper & K. Mullinix, 2018, "Generalizability of Heterogeneous Treatment Effect Estimates across Samples," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(49): 12441-6. – reference: Bansak, K., J. Hainmueller, D. Hopkins & T. Yamamoto, 2021, "Conjoint Survey Experiments," J. Druckman & D. Green eds., Advances in Experimental Political Science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 19-41. – reference: Bauer, G., 2016, "Gender Roles, Comparative Advantages and the Life Course: The Division of Domestic Labor in Same-Sex and Different-Sex Couples," European Journal of Population, 32(1): 99-128. – reference: Beagan, B., G. Chapman, A. D' Sylva & R. Bassett, 2008, "'It's Just Easier for Me to Do It': Rationalizing the Family Division of Foodwork," Sociology, 42(4): 653-71. – reference: Voßemer, J. & S. Heyne, 2019, "Unemployment and Housework in Couples: Task-Specific Differences and Dynamics Over Time," Journal of Marriage and Family, 81(5): 1074-90. – reference: Sullivan, O., J. Gershuny & J. Robinson, 2018, "Stalled or Uneven Gender Revolution? A Long-Term Processual Framework for Understanding Why Change Is Slow," Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(1): 263-79. – reference: Gershuny, J., M. Bittman & J. Brice, 2005, "Exit, Voice, and Suffering: Do Couples Adapt to Changing Employment Patterns?" Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(3): 656-65. – reference: Ridgeway, C., 2011, Framed by Gender: How Gender Inequality Persists in the Modern World, New York: Oxford University Press. – reference: 筒井淳也・竹内麻貴，2016，「家事分担研究の課題―公平の視点から効果の視点へ」『季刊家計経済研究』109: 13-25. – reference: South, S. & G. Spitze, 1994, "Housework in Marital and Nonmarital Households," American Sociological Review, 59(3): 327-47. – reference: van Hooff, J., 2011, "Rationalising Inequality: Heterosexual Couples' Explanations and Justifications for the Division of Housework along Traditionally Gendered Lines," Journal of Gender Studies, 20(1): 19-30. – reference: van der Lippe, T., J. Treas & L. Norbutas, 2018, "Unemployment and the Division of Housework in Europe," Work, Employment and Society, 32(4): 650-69. – reference: Gough, M. & A. Killewald, 2011, "Unemployment in Families: The Case of Housework," Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(5): 1085-100. – reference: Tai, T. & J. Treas, 2012, "Housework Task Hierarchies in 32 Countries," European Sociological Review, 29(4): 780-91. – reference: Mullinix, K., T. Leeper, J. Druckman & J. Freese, 2015, "The Generalizability of Survey Experiments," Journal of Experimental Political Science, 2(2): 109-38. – reference: Nisic, N., F. Molitor & M. Trübner, 2023, "Rethinking Paid Domestic Services in Modern Societies ：Experimental Evidence on the Effect of Quality and Professionalisation on Service Demand," International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 43(13/14): 106-28. – reference: Blair, S. & D. Lichter, 1991, "Measuring the Division of Household Labor: Gender Segregation of Housework Among American Couples," Journal of Family Issues, 12(1): 91-113. – reference: Brinton, M., & D. Lee, 2016, "Gender-Role Ideology, Labor Market Institutions, and Post-industrial Fertility," Population and Development Review, 42(3): 405-33. – reference: 孫詩彧，2022，『家事育児の分担にみる夫と妻の権力関係―共働き家庭のペアデータ分析』明石書店． |
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| SubjectTerms | 家事スキル 家事分担 要因配置実験 |
| Subtitle | 日本における要因配置実験に基づく検討 |
| Title | 家事スキルの格差が家事分担のジェンダー不平等をもたらすメカニズム |
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