The tail-associated depolymerase of Erwinia amylovora phage L1 mediates host cell adsorption and enzymatic capsule removal, which can enhance infection by other phage

• Published in: Environmental microbiology Vol. 16; no. 7; pp. 2168 - 2180
• Main Authors: Born, Yannick, Fieseler, Lars, Klumpp, Jochen, Eugster, Marcel R., Zurfluh, Katrin, Duffy, Brion, Loessner, Martin J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.07.2014; Blackwell; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Subjects: Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Bacterial Adhesion; Bacteriology; Biological and medical sciences; Biological Control Agents; Erwinia amylovora; Erwinia amylovora - virology; Escherichia coli - genetics; Escherichia coli - metabolism; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; General aspects; Host Specificity; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrolysis; Kinetics; Microbial ecology; Microbiology; Miscellaneous; Podoviridae - enzymology; Podoviridae - genetics; Podoviridae - ultrastructure; Polysaccharides, Bacterial - metabolism; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Recombinant Proteins - chemistry; Recombinant Proteins - genetics; Recombinant Proteins - metabolism; Rosaceae - microbiology; Viral Proteins - chemistry; Viral Proteins - genetics; Viral Proteins - metabolism; Virion - enzymology; Virion - genetics; Virion - ultrastructure; Virology; Virus; Microorganism capsule; Infection; Plant pathogen; Adsorption; Bacteria; Host; Erwinia amylovora; Enterobacteriaceae; Phage
• ISSN: 1462-2912; 1462-2920
• DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12212

Summary The depolymerase enzyme (DpoL1) encoded by the T7‐like phage L1 efficiently degrades amylovoran, an important virulence factor and major component of the extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) of its host, the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora. Mass spectrometry analysis of hydrolysed EPS revealed that DpoL1 cleaves the galactose‐containing backbone of amylovoran. The enzyme is most active at pH 6 and 50°C, and features a modular architecture. Removal of 180 N‐terminal amino acids was shown not to affect enzyme activity. The C‐terminus harbours the hydrolase activity, while the N‐terminal domain links the enzyme to the phage particle. Electron microscopy demonstrated that DpoL1‐specific antibodies cross‐link phage particles at their tails, either lateral or frontal, and immunogold staining confirmed that DpoL1 is located at the tail spikes. Exposure of high‐level EPS‐producing Er. amylovora strain CFBP1430 to recombinant DpoL1 dramatically increased sensitivity to the Dpo‐negative phage Y2, which was not the case for EPS‐negative mutants or low‐level EPS‐producing Er. amylovora. Our findings indicate that enhanced phage susceptibility is based on enzymatic removal of the EPS capsule, normally a physical barrier to Y2 infection, and that use of DpoL1 together with the broad host range, virulent phage Y2 represents an attractive combination for biocontrol of fire blight.