Visa problem: certification, kinship, and the production of 'ineligibility' in the Gambia

The article describes the documentary vicissitudes of young Cambian men of Soninke ethnicity. Normally the most mobile subjects in a milieu where international migration is central to subsistence and prosperity, these young men often fail to secure entry visas to the West and other desirable destina...

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Published inThe Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute Vol. 20; no. 1; pp. 38 - 55
Main Author Gaibazzi, Paolo
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.03.2014
John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Blackwell
Subjects
Online AccessGet full text
ISSN1359-0987
1467-9655
DOI10.1111/1467-9655.12078

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Abstract The article describes the documentary vicissitudes of young Cambian men of Soninke ethnicity. Normally the most mobile subjects in a milieu where international migration is central to subsistence and prosperity, these young men often fail to secure entry visas to the West and other desirable destinations owing to restrictive admission policies. Would-be travellers cope with high rejection rates, but also struggle to secure financial and logistical support from relatives in order to meet the demanding requirements of visa applications. Since kinship mediates access to travel documents, the article suggests that visa ineligibility is a product of both state-based and societal practices of certification. It shows how the visa regime plays into the kinship reciprocities and affects that produce, discipline, and select prospective migrants, thereby transferring and concealing the arbitrariness and uncertainty of legal-political structures of mobility. L'article décrit les vicissitudes administratives de jeunes hommes de l'ethnie soninké en Gambie. Ces jeunes gens, qui devraient normalement être les sujets les plus mobiles dans un milieu où la migration internationale est indispensable à la subsistance et à la prospérité, se heurtent souvent à des politiques d'admission restrictives qui les empêchent d'obtenir des visa d'entrée dans les pays occidentaux ou d'autres destinations qui les attirent. Non seulement les aspirants à l'émigration se heurtent très souvent à un refus, mais ils manquent aussi de soutien financier et logistique de la part de leur famille pour satisfaire les rigoureuses exigences des demandes de visa. La parenté s'inscrivant ainsi comme intermédiaire pour l'obtention des documents de voyage, l'article suggère que l'inaptitude à obtenir un visa est le produit de pratiques de certification à la fois étatiques et sociétales. L'auteur montre comment le régime des visas interfère avec les réciprocités de la parenté et les affects qui produisent, disciplinent et sélectionnent les futurs migrants, transférant et masquant ainsi le caractère arbitraire et incertain des structures de mobilité juridico-politiques.
AbstractList The article describes the documentary vicissitudes of young Gambian men of Soninke ethnicity. Normally the most mobile subjects in a milieu where international migration is central to subsistence and prosperity, these young men often fail to secure entry visas to the West and other desirable destinations owing to restrictive admission policies. Would-be travellers cope with high rejection rates, but also struggle to secure financial and logistical support from relatives in order to meet the demanding requirements of visa applications. Since kinship mediates access to travel documents, the article suggests that visa ineligibility is a product of both state-based and societal practices of certification. It shows how the visa regime plays into the kinship reciprocities and affects that produce, discipline, and select prospective migrants, thereby transferring and concealing the arbitrariness and uncertainty of legal-political structures of mobility. Reprinted by permission of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
The article describes the documentary vicissitudes of young Gambian men of Soninke ethnicity. Normally the most mobile subjects in a milieu where international migration is central to subsistence and prosperity, these young men often fail to secure entry visas to the West and other desirable destinations owing to restrictive admission policies. Would‐be travellers cope with high rejection rates, but also struggle to secure financial and logistical support from relatives in order to meet the demanding requirements of visa applications. Since kinship mediates access to travel documents, the article suggests that visa ineligibility is a product of both state‐based and societal practices of certification. It shows how the visa regime plays into the kinship reciprocities and affects that produce, discipline, and select prospective migrants, thereby transferring and concealing the arbitrariness and uncertainty of legal‐political structures of mobility.
The article describes the documentary vicissitudes of young Cambian men of Soninke ethnicity. Normally the most mobile subjects in a milieu where international migration is central to subsistence and prosperity, these young men often fail to secure entry visas to the West and other desirable destinations owing to restrictive admission policies. Would-be travellers cope with high rejection rates, but also struggle to secure financial and logistical support from relatives in order to meet the demanding requirements of visa applications. Since kinship mediates access to travel documents, the article suggests that visa ineligibility is a product of both state-based and societal practices of certification. It shows how the visa regime plays into the kinship reciprocities and affects that produce, discipline, and select prospective migrants, thereby transferring and concealing the arbitrariness and uncertainty of legal-political structures of mobility. L'article décrit les vicissitudes administratives de jeunes hommes de l'ethnie soninké en Gambie. Ces jeunes gens, qui devraient normalement être les sujets les plus mobiles dans un milieu où la migration internationale est indispensable à la subsistance et à la prospérité, se heurtent souvent à des politiques d'admission restrictives qui les empêchent d'obtenir des visa d'entrée dans les pays occidentaux ou d'autres destinations qui les attirent. Non seulement les aspirants à l'émigration se heurtent très souvent à un refus, mais ils manquent aussi de soutien financier et logistique de la part de leur famille pour satisfaire les rigoureuses exigences des demandes de visa. La parenté s'inscrivant ainsi comme intermédiaire pour l'obtention des documents de voyage, l'article suggère que l'inaptitude à obtenir un visa est le produit de pratiques de certification à la fois étatiques et sociétales. L'auteur montre comment le régime des visas interfère avec les réciprocités de la parenté et les affects qui produisent, disciplinent et sélectionnent les futurs migrants, transférant et masquant ainsi le caractère arbitraire et incertain des structures de mobilité juridico-politiques.
The article describes the documentary vicissitudes of young Gambian men of Soninke ethnicity. Normally the most mobile subjects in a milieu where international migration is central to subsistence and prosperity, these young men often fail to secure entry visas to the West and other desirable destinations owing to restrictive admission policies. Would-be travellers cope with high rejection rates, but also struggle to secure financial and logistical support from relatives in order to meet the demanding requirements of visa applications. Since kinship mediates access to travel documents, the article suggests that visa ineligibility is a product of both state-based and societal practices of certification. It shows how the visa regime plays into the kinship reciprocities and affects that produce, discipline, and select prospective migrants, thereby transferring and concealing the arbitrariness and uncertainty of legal-political structures of mobility. Adapted from the source document.
The article describes the documentary vicissitudes of young Gambian men of Soninke ethnicity. Normally the most mobile subjects in a milieu where international migration is central to subsistence and prosperity, these young men often fail to secure entry visas to the West and other desirable destinations owing to restrictive admission policies. Would-be travellers cope with high rejection rates, but also struggle to secure financial and logistical support from relatives in order to meet the demanding requirements of visa applications. Since kinship mediates access to travel documents, the article suggests that visa ineligibility is a product of both state-based and societal practices of certification. It shows how the visa regime plays into the kinship reciprocities and affects that produce, discipline, and select prospective migrants, thereby transferring and concealing the arbitrariness and uncertainty of legal-political structures of mobility. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Author Gaibazzi, Paolo
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Keywords Young man
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Emigration
Kinship
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Certification
Soninke
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References Manchuelle, F. 1997. Willing migrants: Soninke labor diasporas, 1848-1960. Athens: Ohio University Press; London: James Currey.
Appadurai, A. (ed.) 1986. The social life of things: commodities in cultural perspective. Cambridge: University Press.
Piot, C. 2010. Nostalgia for the future: West Africa after the Cold War. Chicago: University Press.
Finotelli, C. & G. Sciortino 2013. Through the gates of the fortress: European visa policies and the limits of immigration control. Perspectives on European Politics and Society 14, 80-101.
Gaibazzi, P. 2013. Cultivating hustlers: the agrarian ethos of Soninke migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 39, 259-275.
Kea, P. 2013. 'The complexity of an enduring relationship': gender, generation, and the moral economy of the Gambian Mandinka household. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 19, 102-119.
Sallah, T. 1990. Economics and politics in the Gambia. Journal of Modern African Studies 28, 621-648.
Meillassoux, C. 1981 [1975]. Maidens, meal and money. Cambridge: University Press.
Kelly, T. 2006. Documented lives: fear and the uncertainties of law during the second Palestinian intifada. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 12, 89-107.
Timera, M. 2001. Les migrations des jeunes Saheliens: affirmation de soi et emancipation. Autrepart 18, 37-49.
Salter, M. 2006. The global visa regime and the political technologies of the international self: borders, bodies, biopolitics. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 31, 167-189.
Van Vleet, K. 2008. Performing kinship: narrative, gender, and the intimacies of power in the Andes. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Jansen, S. 2009. After the red passport: towards an anthropology of the everyday geopolitics of entrapment in the EU's 'immediate outside'. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 15, 815-832.
Berry, S. 1993. No condition is permanent: the social dynamics of agrarian change in sub-Saharan Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Torpey, J. 1998. Coming and going: on the state monopolization of the legitimate 'means of movement'. Sociological Theory 16, 239-259.
De Genova, N. 2002. Migrant 'illegality' and deportability in everyday life. Annual Review of Anthropology 31, 419-447.
Walters, W. 2006. Border/control. European Journal of Social Theory 9, 187-203.
Ong, A. 1999. Flexible citizenship: the cultural logics of transnationality. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
Navaro-Yashin, Y. 2007. Make-believe papers, legal forms and the counterfeit affective interactions between documents and people in Britain and Cyprus. Anthropological Theory 7, 79-98.
Razy, E. 2007. Naître et devenir: anthropologie de la petite enfance en pays Soninké (Mali). Nanterre: Société d'ethnologie.
Agamben, G. 1998 [1995]. Homo sacer: sovereign power and bare life (trans. D. Heller-Roazen). Stanford: University Press.
Carling, J. 2002. Migration in the age of involuntary immobility: theoretical reflections and Cape Verdean experiences. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 28, 5-42.
Slack, J. & S. Whiteford 2011. Violence and migration on the Arizona-Sonora border. Human Organization 70, 11-21.
Chalcraft, J. 2008. The invisible cage: Syrian migrant workers in Lebanon. Stanford: University Press.
Bellagamba, A. 2004. Entrustment and its changing political meanings in Fuladu, the Gambia (1880-1994). Africa 74, 383-410.
Cunningham, H. 2004. Nations rebound? Crossing borders in a gated globe. Identities 11, 329-350.
Gaibazzi, P. 2008. The Sabi Youth Committe: state, 'age groups' and civic participation in a Soninke village (Upper River Region, Gambia). Mande Studies 10, 25-48.
Palidda, S. 2008. Mobilità umane: introduzione alla sociologia delle migrazioni. Milan: R. Cortina.
Blundo, G. & J.-P. Olivier de Sardan 2006. Everyday corruption and the state: citizens and public officials in Africa. New York: Zed.
Nyanzi, S., O. Rosenberg-Jallow, O. Bah & S. Nyanzi 2005. Bumsters, big black organs and old white gold: embodied racial myths in sexual relationships of Gambian beach boys. Culture, Health & Sexuality 7, 557-569.
Menjívar, C. 2006. Liminal legality: Salvadoran and Guatemalan immigrants' lives in the United States. American Journal of Sociology 111, 999-1037.
Stark, O. 1991. The migration of labor. Oxford: Blackwell.
2006; 31
2006; 12
2011
2002; 31
2010
2006; 9
1998
2009
2008
1997
2007
2006
2005
2008; 10
1993
1991
2006; 111
1999
2013; 19
1998; 16
2002; 28
2004; 11
2004; 74
2013; 14
2013; 39
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2011; 70
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References_xml – reference: Jansen, S. 2009. After the red passport: towards an anthropology of the everyday geopolitics of entrapment in the EU's 'immediate outside'. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 15, 815-832.
– reference: Meillassoux, C. 1981 [1975]. Maidens, meal and money. Cambridge: University Press.
– reference: Sallah, T. 1990. Economics and politics in the Gambia. Journal of Modern African Studies 28, 621-648.
– reference: Van Vleet, K. 2008. Performing kinship: narrative, gender, and the intimacies of power in the Andes. Austin: University of Texas Press.
– reference: Navaro-Yashin, Y. 2007. Make-believe papers, legal forms and the counterfeit affective interactions between documents and people in Britain and Cyprus. Anthropological Theory 7, 79-98.
– reference: Piot, C. 2010. Nostalgia for the future: West Africa after the Cold War. Chicago: University Press.
– reference: Appadurai, A. (ed.) 1986. The social life of things: commodities in cultural perspective. Cambridge: University Press.
– reference: Slack, J. & S. Whiteford 2011. Violence and migration on the Arizona-Sonora border. Human Organization 70, 11-21.
– reference: Razy, E. 2007. Naître et devenir: anthropologie de la petite enfance en pays Soninké (Mali). Nanterre: Société d'ethnologie.
– reference: Torpey, J. 1998. Coming and going: on the state monopolization of the legitimate 'means of movement'. Sociological Theory 16, 239-259.
– reference: Stark, O. 1991. The migration of labor. Oxford: Blackwell.
– reference: Bellagamba, A. 2004. Entrustment and its changing political meanings in Fuladu, the Gambia (1880-1994). Africa 74, 383-410.
– reference: Menjívar, C. 2006. Liminal legality: Salvadoran and Guatemalan immigrants' lives in the United States. American Journal of Sociology 111, 999-1037.
– reference: Gaibazzi, P. 2008. The Sabi Youth Committe: state, 'age groups' and civic participation in a Soninke village (Upper River Region, Gambia). Mande Studies 10, 25-48.
– reference: Ong, A. 1999. Flexible citizenship: the cultural logics of transnationality. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
– reference: Carling, J. 2002. Migration in the age of involuntary immobility: theoretical reflections and Cape Verdean experiences. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 28, 5-42.
– reference: Walters, W. 2006. Border/control. European Journal of Social Theory 9, 187-203.
– reference: Blundo, G. & J.-P. Olivier de Sardan 2006. Everyday corruption and the state: citizens and public officials in Africa. New York: Zed.
– reference: Timera, M. 2001. Les migrations des jeunes Saheliens: affirmation de soi et emancipation. Autrepart 18, 37-49.
– reference: Berry, S. 1993. No condition is permanent: the social dynamics of agrarian change in sub-Saharan Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
– reference: Cunningham, H. 2004. Nations rebound? Crossing borders in a gated globe. Identities 11, 329-350.
– reference: Kelly, T. 2006. Documented lives: fear and the uncertainties of law during the second Palestinian intifada. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 12, 89-107.
– reference: Finotelli, C. & G. Sciortino 2013. Through the gates of the fortress: European visa policies and the limits of immigration control. Perspectives on European Politics and Society 14, 80-101.
– reference: Agamben, G. 1998 [1995]. Homo sacer: sovereign power and bare life (trans. D. Heller-Roazen). Stanford: University Press.
– reference: Manchuelle, F. 1997. Willing migrants: Soninke labor diasporas, 1848-1960. Athens: Ohio University Press; London: James Currey.
– reference: De Genova, N. 2002. Migrant 'illegality' and deportability in everyday life. Annual Review of Anthropology 31, 419-447.
– reference: Gaibazzi, P. 2013. Cultivating hustlers: the agrarian ethos of Soninke migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 39, 259-275.
– reference: Kea, P. 2013. 'The complexity of an enduring relationship': gender, generation, and the moral economy of the Gambian Mandinka household. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 19, 102-119.
– reference: Nyanzi, S., O. Rosenberg-Jallow, O. Bah & S. Nyanzi 2005. Bumsters, big black organs and old white gold: embodied racial myths in sexual relationships of Gambian beach boys. Culture, Health & Sexuality 7, 557-569.
– reference: Salter, M. 2006. The global visa regime and the political technologies of the international self: borders, bodies, biopolitics. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 31, 167-189.
– reference: Chalcraft, J. 2008. The invisible cage: Syrian migrant workers in Lebanon. Stanford: University Press.
– reference: Palidda, S. 2008. Mobilità umane: introduzione alla sociologia delle migrazioni. Milan: R. Cortina.
– year: 2011
– volume: 31
  start-page: 419
  year: 2002
  end-page: 447
  article-title: Migrant ‘illegality’ and deportability in everyday life
  publication-title: Annual Review of Anthropology
– volume: 15
  start-page: 815
  year: 2009
  end-page: 832
  article-title: After the red passport: towards an anthropology of the everyday geopolitics of entrapment in the EU's ‘immediate outside
  publication-title: Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
– volume: 9
  start-page: 187
  year: 2006
  end-page: 203
  article-title: Border/control
  publication-title: European Journal of Social Theory
– start-page: 73
  year: 2005
  end-page: 92
– year: 1981
– volume: 111
  start-page: 999
  year: 2006
  end-page: 1037
  article-title: Liminal legality: Salvadoran and Guatemalan immigrants' lives in the United States
  publication-title: American Journal of Sociology
– volume: 16
  start-page: 239
  year: 1998
  end-page: 259
  article-title: Coming and going: on the state monopolization of the legitimate ‘means of movement
  publication-title: Sociological Theory
– start-page: 81
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Snippet The article describes the documentary vicissitudes of young Cambian men of Soninke ethnicity. Normally the most mobile subjects in a milieu where international...
The article describes the documentary vicissitudes of young Gambian men of Soninke ethnicity. Normally the most mobile subjects in a milieu where international...
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StartPage 38
SubjectTerms Affluence
Africa
Brothers
Certainty
Certification
Cultural anthropology
Ethnicity
Ethnology
Families & family life
Gambia
Human ecology, environment
Human migration
Human settlements
Immigration policy
International migration
Kinship
Labor migration
Males
Migrants
Migration
Migrations
Morphological source materials
Passports
Passports & visas
Physical anthropology, ethnobiology
Political migration
Prosperity
Reciprocity
Social organization, political organization and power, relations with the State
Social psychology
Social structure and social relations
Sons
Subsistence economy
Travel
Visas
Title Visa problem: certification, kinship, and the production of 'ineligibility' in the Gambia
URI https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-DX4M054X-S/fulltext.pdf
https://www.jstor.org/stable/43907611
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2F1467-9655.12078
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1504815897
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1508429454
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1541997904
Volume 20
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