Visa problem: certification, kinship, and the production of 'ineligibility' in the Gambia
The article describes the documentary vicissitudes of young Cambian men of Soninke ethnicity. Normally the most mobile subjects in a milieu where international migration is central to subsistence and prosperity, these young men often fail to secure entry visas to the West and other desirable destina...
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Published in | The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute Vol. 20; no. 1; pp. 38 - 55 |
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Main Author | |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Oxford
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.03.2014
John Wiley & Sons Ltd Blackwell |
Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
ISSN | 1359-0987 1467-9655 |
DOI | 10.1111/1467-9655.12078 |
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Abstract | The article describes the documentary vicissitudes of young Cambian men of Soninke ethnicity. Normally the most mobile subjects in a milieu where international migration is central to subsistence and prosperity, these young men often fail to secure entry visas to the West and other desirable destinations owing to restrictive admission policies. Would-be travellers cope with high rejection rates, but also struggle to secure financial and logistical support from relatives in order to meet the demanding requirements of visa applications. Since kinship mediates access to travel documents, the article suggests that visa ineligibility is a product of both state-based and societal practices of certification. It shows how the visa regime plays into the kinship reciprocities and affects that produce, discipline, and select prospective migrants, thereby transferring and concealing the arbitrariness and uncertainty of legal-political structures of mobility. L'article décrit les vicissitudes administratives de jeunes hommes de l'ethnie soninké en Gambie. Ces jeunes gens, qui devraient normalement être les sujets les plus mobiles dans un milieu où la migration internationale est indispensable à la subsistance et à la prospérité, se heurtent souvent à des politiques d'admission restrictives qui les empêchent d'obtenir des visa d'entrée dans les pays occidentaux ou d'autres destinations qui les attirent. Non seulement les aspirants à l'émigration se heurtent très souvent à un refus, mais ils manquent aussi de soutien financier et logistique de la part de leur famille pour satisfaire les rigoureuses exigences des demandes de visa. La parenté s'inscrivant ainsi comme intermédiaire pour l'obtention des documents de voyage, l'article suggère que l'inaptitude à obtenir un visa est le produit de pratiques de certification à la fois étatiques et sociétales. L'auteur montre comment le régime des visas interfère avec les réciprocités de la parenté et les affects qui produisent, disciplinent et sélectionnent les futurs migrants, transférant et masquant ainsi le caractère arbitraire et incertain des structures de mobilité juridico-politiques. |
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AbstractList | The article describes the documentary vicissitudes of young Gambian men of Soninke ethnicity. Normally the most mobile subjects in a milieu where international migration is central to subsistence and prosperity, these young men often fail to secure entry visas to the West and other desirable destinations owing to restrictive admission policies. Would-be travellers cope with high rejection rates, but also struggle to secure financial and logistical support from relatives in order to meet the demanding requirements of visa applications. Since kinship mediates access to travel documents, the article suggests that visa ineligibility is a product of both state-based and societal practices of certification. It shows how the visa regime plays into the kinship reciprocities and affects that produce, discipline, and select prospective migrants, thereby transferring and concealing the arbitrariness and uncertainty of legal-political structures of mobility. Reprinted by permission of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland The article describes the documentary vicissitudes of young Gambian men of Soninke ethnicity. Normally the most mobile subjects in a milieu where international migration is central to subsistence and prosperity, these young men often fail to secure entry visas to the West and other desirable destinations owing to restrictive admission policies. Would‐be travellers cope with high rejection rates, but also struggle to secure financial and logistical support from relatives in order to meet the demanding requirements of visa applications. Since kinship mediates access to travel documents, the article suggests that visa ineligibility is a product of both state‐based and societal practices of certification. It shows how the visa regime plays into the kinship reciprocities and affects that produce, discipline, and select prospective migrants, thereby transferring and concealing the arbitrariness and uncertainty of legal‐political structures of mobility. The article describes the documentary vicissitudes of young Cambian men of Soninke ethnicity. Normally the most mobile subjects in a milieu where international migration is central to subsistence and prosperity, these young men often fail to secure entry visas to the West and other desirable destinations owing to restrictive admission policies. Would-be travellers cope with high rejection rates, but also struggle to secure financial and logistical support from relatives in order to meet the demanding requirements of visa applications. Since kinship mediates access to travel documents, the article suggests that visa ineligibility is a product of both state-based and societal practices of certification. It shows how the visa regime plays into the kinship reciprocities and affects that produce, discipline, and select prospective migrants, thereby transferring and concealing the arbitrariness and uncertainty of legal-political structures of mobility. L'article décrit les vicissitudes administratives de jeunes hommes de l'ethnie soninké en Gambie. Ces jeunes gens, qui devraient normalement être les sujets les plus mobiles dans un milieu où la migration internationale est indispensable à la subsistance et à la prospérité, se heurtent souvent à des politiques d'admission restrictives qui les empêchent d'obtenir des visa d'entrée dans les pays occidentaux ou d'autres destinations qui les attirent. Non seulement les aspirants à l'émigration se heurtent très souvent à un refus, mais ils manquent aussi de soutien financier et logistique de la part de leur famille pour satisfaire les rigoureuses exigences des demandes de visa. La parenté s'inscrivant ainsi comme intermédiaire pour l'obtention des documents de voyage, l'article suggère que l'inaptitude à obtenir un visa est le produit de pratiques de certification à la fois étatiques et sociétales. L'auteur montre comment le régime des visas interfère avec les réciprocités de la parenté et les affects qui produisent, disciplinent et sélectionnent les futurs migrants, transférant et masquant ainsi le caractère arbitraire et incertain des structures de mobilité juridico-politiques. The article describes the documentary vicissitudes of young Gambian men of Soninke ethnicity. Normally the most mobile subjects in a milieu where international migration is central to subsistence and prosperity, these young men often fail to secure entry visas to the West and other desirable destinations owing to restrictive admission policies. Would-be travellers cope with high rejection rates, but also struggle to secure financial and logistical support from relatives in order to meet the demanding requirements of visa applications. Since kinship mediates access to travel documents, the article suggests that visa ineligibility is a product of both state-based and societal practices of certification. It shows how the visa regime plays into the kinship reciprocities and affects that produce, discipline, and select prospective migrants, thereby transferring and concealing the arbitrariness and uncertainty of legal-political structures of mobility. Adapted from the source document. The article describes the documentary vicissitudes of young Gambian men of Soninke ethnicity. Normally the most mobile subjects in a milieu where international migration is central to subsistence and prosperity, these young men often fail to secure entry visas to the West and other desirable destinations owing to restrictive admission policies. Would-be travellers cope with high rejection rates, but also struggle to secure financial and logistical support from relatives in order to meet the demanding requirements of visa applications. Since kinship mediates access to travel documents, the article suggests that visa ineligibility is a product of both state-based and societal practices of certification. It shows how the visa regime plays into the kinship reciprocities and affects that produce, discipline, and select prospective migrants, thereby transferring and concealing the arbitrariness and uncertainty of legal-political structures of mobility. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] |
Author | Gaibazzi, Paolo |
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References | Manchuelle, F. 1997. Willing migrants: Soninke labor diasporas, 1848-1960. Athens: Ohio University Press; London: James Currey. Appadurai, A. (ed.) 1986. The social life of things: commodities in cultural perspective. Cambridge: University Press. Piot, C. 2010. Nostalgia for the future: West Africa after the Cold War. Chicago: University Press. Finotelli, C. & G. Sciortino 2013. Through the gates of the fortress: European visa policies and the limits of immigration control. Perspectives on European Politics and Society 14, 80-101. Gaibazzi, P. 2013. Cultivating hustlers: the agrarian ethos of Soninke migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 39, 259-275. Kea, P. 2013. 'The complexity of an enduring relationship': gender, generation, and the moral economy of the Gambian Mandinka household. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 19, 102-119. Sallah, T. 1990. Economics and politics in the Gambia. Journal of Modern African Studies 28, 621-648. Meillassoux, C. 1981 [1975]. Maidens, meal and money. Cambridge: University Press. Kelly, T. 2006. Documented lives: fear and the uncertainties of law during the second Palestinian intifada. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 12, 89-107. Timera, M. 2001. Les migrations des jeunes Saheliens: affirmation de soi et emancipation. Autrepart 18, 37-49. Salter, M. 2006. The global visa regime and the political technologies of the international self: borders, bodies, biopolitics. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 31, 167-189. Van Vleet, K. 2008. Performing kinship: narrative, gender, and the intimacies of power in the Andes. Austin: University of Texas Press. Jansen, S. 2009. After the red passport: towards an anthropology of the everyday geopolitics of entrapment in the EU's 'immediate outside'. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 15, 815-832. Berry, S. 1993. No condition is permanent: the social dynamics of agrarian change in sub-Saharan Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Torpey, J. 1998. Coming and going: on the state monopolization of the legitimate 'means of movement'. Sociological Theory 16, 239-259. De Genova, N. 2002. Migrant 'illegality' and deportability in everyday life. Annual Review of Anthropology 31, 419-447. Walters, W. 2006. Border/control. European Journal of Social Theory 9, 187-203. Ong, A. 1999. Flexible citizenship: the cultural logics of transnationality. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. Navaro-Yashin, Y. 2007. Make-believe papers, legal forms and the counterfeit affective interactions between documents and people in Britain and Cyprus. Anthropological Theory 7, 79-98. Razy, E. 2007. Naître et devenir: anthropologie de la petite enfance en pays Soninké (Mali). Nanterre: Société d'ethnologie. Agamben, G. 1998 [1995]. Homo sacer: sovereign power and bare life (trans. D. Heller-Roazen). Stanford: University Press. Carling, J. 2002. Migration in the age of involuntary immobility: theoretical reflections and Cape Verdean experiences. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 28, 5-42. Slack, J. & S. Whiteford 2011. Violence and migration on the Arizona-Sonora border. Human Organization 70, 11-21. Chalcraft, J. 2008. The invisible cage: Syrian migrant workers in Lebanon. Stanford: University Press. Bellagamba, A. 2004. Entrustment and its changing political meanings in Fuladu, the Gambia (1880-1994). Africa 74, 383-410. Cunningham, H. 2004. Nations rebound? Crossing borders in a gated globe. Identities 11, 329-350. Gaibazzi, P. 2008. The Sabi Youth Committe: state, 'age groups' and civic participation in a Soninke village (Upper River Region, Gambia). Mande Studies 10, 25-48. Palidda, S. 2008. Mobilità umane: introduzione alla sociologia delle migrazioni. Milan: R. Cortina. Blundo, G. & J.-P. Olivier de Sardan 2006. Everyday corruption and the state: citizens and public officials in Africa. New York: Zed. Nyanzi, S., O. Rosenberg-Jallow, O. Bah & S. Nyanzi 2005. Bumsters, big black organs and old white gold: embodied racial myths in sexual relationships of Gambian beach boys. Culture, Health & Sexuality 7, 557-569. Menjívar, C. 2006. Liminal legality: Salvadoran and Guatemalan immigrants' lives in the United States. American Journal of Sociology 111, 999-1037. Stark, O. 1991. The migration of labor. Oxford: Blackwell. 2006; 31 2006; 12 2011 2002; 31 2010 2006; 9 1998 2009 2008 1997 2007 2006 2005 2008; 10 1993 1991 2006; 111 1999 2013; 19 1998; 16 2002; 28 2004; 11 2004; 74 2013; 14 2013; 39 2000 1990; 28 2011; 70 1986 2005; 7 2007; 7 1981 2013 2001; 18 2009; 15 |
References_xml | – reference: Jansen, S. 2009. After the red passport: towards an anthropology of the everyday geopolitics of entrapment in the EU's 'immediate outside'. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 15, 815-832. – reference: Meillassoux, C. 1981 [1975]. Maidens, meal and money. Cambridge: University Press. – reference: Sallah, T. 1990. Economics and politics in the Gambia. Journal of Modern African Studies 28, 621-648. – reference: Van Vleet, K. 2008. Performing kinship: narrative, gender, and the intimacies of power in the Andes. Austin: University of Texas Press. – reference: Navaro-Yashin, Y. 2007. Make-believe papers, legal forms and the counterfeit affective interactions between documents and people in Britain and Cyprus. Anthropological Theory 7, 79-98. – reference: Piot, C. 2010. Nostalgia for the future: West Africa after the Cold War. Chicago: University Press. – reference: Appadurai, A. (ed.) 1986. The social life of things: commodities in cultural perspective. Cambridge: University Press. – reference: Slack, J. & S. Whiteford 2011. Violence and migration on the Arizona-Sonora border. Human Organization 70, 11-21. – reference: Razy, E. 2007. Naître et devenir: anthropologie de la petite enfance en pays Soninké (Mali). Nanterre: Société d'ethnologie. – reference: Torpey, J. 1998. Coming and going: on the state monopolization of the legitimate 'means of movement'. Sociological Theory 16, 239-259. – reference: Stark, O. 1991. The migration of labor. Oxford: Blackwell. – reference: Bellagamba, A. 2004. Entrustment and its changing political meanings in Fuladu, the Gambia (1880-1994). Africa 74, 383-410. – reference: Menjívar, C. 2006. Liminal legality: Salvadoran and Guatemalan immigrants' lives in the United States. American Journal of Sociology 111, 999-1037. – reference: Gaibazzi, P. 2008. The Sabi Youth Committe: state, 'age groups' and civic participation in a Soninke village (Upper River Region, Gambia). Mande Studies 10, 25-48. – reference: Ong, A. 1999. Flexible citizenship: the cultural logics of transnationality. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. – reference: Carling, J. 2002. Migration in the age of involuntary immobility: theoretical reflections and Cape Verdean experiences. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 28, 5-42. – reference: Walters, W. 2006. Border/control. European Journal of Social Theory 9, 187-203. – reference: Blundo, G. & J.-P. Olivier de Sardan 2006. Everyday corruption and the state: citizens and public officials in Africa. New York: Zed. – reference: Timera, M. 2001. Les migrations des jeunes Saheliens: affirmation de soi et emancipation. Autrepart 18, 37-49. – reference: Berry, S. 1993. No condition is permanent: the social dynamics of agrarian change in sub-Saharan Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. – reference: Cunningham, H. 2004. Nations rebound? Crossing borders in a gated globe. Identities 11, 329-350. – reference: Kelly, T. 2006. Documented lives: fear and the uncertainties of law during the second Palestinian intifada. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 12, 89-107. – reference: Finotelli, C. & G. Sciortino 2013. Through the gates of the fortress: European visa policies and the limits of immigration control. Perspectives on European Politics and Society 14, 80-101. – reference: Agamben, G. 1998 [1995]. Homo sacer: sovereign power and bare life (trans. D. Heller-Roazen). Stanford: University Press. – reference: Manchuelle, F. 1997. Willing migrants: Soninke labor diasporas, 1848-1960. Athens: Ohio University Press; London: James Currey. – reference: De Genova, N. 2002. Migrant 'illegality' and deportability in everyday life. Annual Review of Anthropology 31, 419-447. – reference: Gaibazzi, P. 2013. Cultivating hustlers: the agrarian ethos of Soninke migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 39, 259-275. – reference: Kea, P. 2013. 'The complexity of an enduring relationship': gender, generation, and the moral economy of the Gambian Mandinka household. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 19, 102-119. – reference: Nyanzi, S., O. Rosenberg-Jallow, O. Bah & S. Nyanzi 2005. Bumsters, big black organs and old white gold: embodied racial myths in sexual relationships of Gambian beach boys. Culture, Health & Sexuality 7, 557-569. – reference: Salter, M. 2006. The global visa regime and the political technologies of the international self: borders, bodies, biopolitics. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 31, 167-189. – reference: Chalcraft, J. 2008. The invisible cage: Syrian migrant workers in Lebanon. Stanford: University Press. – reference: Palidda, S. 2008. Mobilità umane: introduzione alla sociologia delle migrazioni. Milan: R. Cortina. – year: 2011 – volume: 31 start-page: 419 year: 2002 end-page: 447 article-title: Migrant ‘illegality’ and deportability in everyday life publication-title: Annual Review of Anthropology – volume: 15 start-page: 815 year: 2009 end-page: 832 article-title: After the red passport: towards an anthropology of the everyday geopolitics of entrapment in the EU's ‘immediate outside publication-title: Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute – volume: 9 start-page: 187 year: 2006 end-page: 203 article-title: Border/control publication-title: European Journal of Social Theory – start-page: 73 year: 2005 end-page: 92 – year: 1981 – volume: 111 start-page: 999 year: 2006 end-page: 1037 article-title: Liminal legality: Salvadoran and Guatemalan immigrants' lives in the United States publication-title: American Journal of Sociology – volume: 16 start-page: 239 year: 1998 end-page: 259 article-title: Coming and going: on the state monopolization of the legitimate ‘means of movement publication-title: Sociological Theory – start-page: 81 year: 2011 end-page: 102 – year: 2007 – start-page: 233 year: 2005 end-page: 263 – volume: 19 start-page: 102 year: 2013 end-page: 119 article-title: ‘The complexity of an enduring relationship’: gender, generation, and the moral economy of the Gambian Mandinka household publication-title: Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute – volume: 7 start-page: 79 year: 2007 end-page: 98 article-title: Make‐believe papers, legal forms and the counterfeit affective interactions between documents and people in Britain and Cyprus publication-title: Anthropological Theory – volume: 12 start-page: 89 year: 2006 end-page: 107 article-title: Documented lives: fear and the uncertainties of law during the second Palestinian intifada publication-title: Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute – start-page: 1 year: 2000 end-page: 35 – volume: 39 start-page: 259 year: 2013 end-page: 275 article-title: Cultivating hustlers: the agrarian ethos of Soninke migration publication-title: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies – year: 1998 – year: 2010 – volume: 11 start-page: 329 year: 2004 end-page: 350 article-title: Nations rebound? Crossing borders in a gated globe publication-title: Identities – year: 1986 – volume: 31 start-page: 167 year: 2006 end-page: 189 article-title: The global visa regime and the political technologies of the international self: borders, bodies, biopolitics publication-title: Alternatives: Global, Local, Political – volume: 70 start-page: 11 year: 2011 end-page: 21 article-title: Violence and migration on the Arizona‐Sonora border publication-title: Human Organization – volume: 18 start-page: 37 year: 2001 end-page: 49 article-title: Les migrations des jeunes Saheliens: affirmation de soi et emancipation publication-title: Autrepart – year: 2006 article-title: ‘Nerves’: an apotheosis of a whole generation – volume: 74 start-page: 383 year: 2004 end-page: 410 article-title: Entrustment and its changing political meanings in Fuladu, the Gambia (1880‐1994) publication-title: Africa – year: 2008 – year: 2006 – year: 1997 – volume: 7 start-page: 557 year: 2005 end-page: 569 article-title: Bumsters, big black organs and old white gold: embodied racial myths in sexual relationships of Gambian beach boys publication-title: Culture, Health & Sexuality – start-page: 47 year: 2008 end-page: 69 – volume: 28 start-page: 621 year: 1990 end-page: 648 article-title: Economics and politics in the Gambia publication-title: Journal of Modern African Studies – volume: 10 start-page: 25 year: 2008 end-page: 48 article-title: The Sabi Youth Committe: state, ‘age groups’ and civic participation in a Soninke village (Upper River Region, Gambia) publication-title: Mande Studies – year: 1991 – start-page: 237 year: 2008 end-page: 266 – volume: 28 start-page: 5 year: 2002 end-page: 42 article-title: Migration in the age of involuntary immobility: theoretical reflections and Cape Verdean experiences publication-title: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies – year: 1993 – volume: 14 start-page: 80 year: 2013 end-page: 101 article-title: Through the gates of the fortress: European visa policies and the limits of immigration control publication-title: Perspectives on European Politics and Society – start-page: 86 year: 2009 end-page: 115 – year: 1999 – year: 2013 |
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SubjectTerms | Affluence Africa Brothers Certainty Certification Cultural anthropology Ethnicity Ethnology Families & family life Gambia Human ecology, environment Human migration Human settlements Immigration policy International migration Kinship Labor migration Males Migrants Migration Migrations Morphological source materials Passports Passports & visas Physical anthropology, ethnobiology Political migration Prosperity Reciprocity Social organization, political organization and power, relations with the State Social psychology Social structure and social relations Sons Subsistence economy Travel Visas |
Title | Visa problem: certification, kinship, and the production of 'ineligibility' in the Gambia |
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