Sphingosine 1-phosphate is involved in cytoprotective actions of calcitriol in human fibroblasts and enhances the intracellular Bcl-2/Bax rheostat

• Published in: Pharmazie Vol. 60; no. 4; pp. 298 - 304
• Main Authors: Sauer, B., Gonska, H., Manggau, M., Kim, D. S., Schraut, C., Schäfer-Korting, M., Kleuser, B.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Germany Govi-Verlag 01.04.2005
• Subjects: Annexin A5 - metabolism; Apoptosis - drug effects; bcl-2-Associated X Protein; Calcitriol - pharmacology; Cell Proliferation - drug effects; Cell Survival - drug effects; Cell Survival - physiology; Cells, Cultured; Ceramides - pharmacology; DNA - biosynthesis; DNA - genetics; Down-Regulation - drug effects; Down-Regulation - physiology; Fibroblasts - drug effects; Fibroblasts - physiology; Flow Cytometry; Genes, bcl-2 - physiology; Humans; Immunoblotting; Lysophospholipids - metabolism; Lysophospholipids - physiology; Mitochondria - drug effects; Mitochondria - metabolism; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 - physiology; Sphingosine - analogs & derivatives; Sphingosine - metabolism; Sphingosine - physiology; Tetrazolium Salts; Thiazoles; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - antagonists & inhibitors; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - pharmacology
• ISSN: 0031-7144

Calcitriol is originally known to decrease proliferation rates of several carcinoma cells, partly via induction of apoptosis. On the other hand, the secosteroid is revealed to protect some cell types like thyrocytes, HL-60 cells and melanocytes against programmed cell death. Here we report that calcitriol despite its strong antiproliferative effect on human dermal fibroblasts did not induce apoptosis in these cells. In contrast, calcitriol possessed an antiapoptotic action in dermal fibroblasts. Thus, the ability of the apoptotic stimuli TNFα/actinomycin and C2-ceramides (C2-Cer) to induce programmed cell death was drastically diminished in the presence of calcitriol. Moreover, we identified sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) as a downstream mediator of calcitriol for its cytoprotective property. Thus, the secosteroid could not protect fibroblasts from apoptosis in the presence of N,N-dimethylsphingosine (DMS), which inhibits sphingosine kinase, the crucial enzyme to form S1P. Like calcitriol, S1P in different concentrations did not induce fibroblast apoptosis and moreover drastically decreased the rates of apoptotic cells after treatment with TNFα/actinomycin. As S1P has been identified to modify the Bcl-2/Bax ratio in epithelial cells and keratinocytes, we also measured the expression of these proteins in dermal fibroblasts revealing an increased Bcl-2 level after stimulation with S1P while the Bax protein expression was not modified. In conclusion, calcitriol H was revealed to protect human fibroblasts from apoptosis by formation of S1P resulting in a changed Bcl-2/Bax ratio.