Rapid annealing of reactively sputtered precursors for Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells
ABSTRACT Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising thin‐film absorber material that presents some interesting challenges in fabrication when compared with Cu(In,Ga)Se2. We introduce a two‐step process for fabrication of CZTS films, involving reactive sputtering of a Cu‐Zn‐Sn‐S precursor followed by rapid anne...
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| Published in | Progress in photovoltaics Vol. 22; no. 1; pp. 10 - 17 |
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| Main Authors | , , , , , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
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Bognor Regis
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.01.2014
Wiley Wiley Subscription Services, Inc |
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| Abstract | ABSTRACT
Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising thin‐film absorber material that presents some interesting challenges in fabrication when compared with Cu(In,Ga)Se2. We introduce a two‐step process for fabrication of CZTS films, involving reactive sputtering of a Cu‐Zn‐Sn‐S precursor followed by rapid annealing. X‐ray diffraction and Raman measurements of the sputtered precursor suggest that it is in a disordered, metastable CZTS phase, similar to the high‐temperature cubic modification reported for CZTS. A few minutes of annealing at 550 °C are sufficient to produce crystalline CZTS films with grain sizes in the micrometer range. The first reported device using this approach has an AM1.5 efficiency of 4.6%, with Jsc and Voc both appearing to be limited by interface recombination. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cu2ZnSnS4 is a promising thin‐film absorber material that presents some interesting challenges in fabrication when compared with Cu(In,Ga)Se2. Here, we demonstrate the development of large Cu2ZnSnS4 grains during rapid annealing of reactively sputtered Cu‐Zn‐Sn‐S precursor films. A metastable precursor phase is proposed to explain structural properties and the high rate of grain growth. |
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| AbstractList | Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) is a promising thin-film absorber material that presents some interesting challenges in fabrication when compared with Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 . We introduce a two-step process for fabrication of CZTS films, involving reactive sputtering of a Cu-Zn-Sn-S precursor followed by rapid annealing. X-ray diffraction and Raman measurements of the sputtered precursor suggest that it is in a disordered, metastable CZTS phase, similar to the high-temperature cubic modification reported for CZTS. A few minutes of annealing at 550 °C are sufficient to produce crystalline CZTS films with grain sizes in the micrometer range. The first reported device using this approach has an AM1.5 efficiency of 4.6%, with J sc and V oc both appearing to be limited by interface recombination. ABSTRACT Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising thin‐film absorber material that presents some interesting challenges in fabrication when compared with Cu(In,Ga)Se2. We introduce a two‐step process for fabrication of CZTS films, involving reactive sputtering of a Cu‐Zn‐Sn‐S precursor followed by rapid annealing. X‐ray diffraction and Raman measurements of the sputtered precursor suggest that it is in a disordered, metastable CZTS phase, similar to the high‐temperature cubic modification reported for CZTS. A few minutes of annealing at 550 °C are sufficient to produce crystalline CZTS films with grain sizes in the micrometer range. The first reported device using this approach has an AM1.5 efficiency of 4.6%, with Jsc and Voc both appearing to be limited by interface recombination. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Cu2ZnSnS4 is a promising thin‐film absorber material that presents some interesting challenges in fabrication when compared with Cu(In,Ga)Se2. Here, we demonstrate the development of large Cu2ZnSnS4 grains during rapid annealing of reactively sputtered Cu‐Zn‐Sn‐S precursor films. A metastable precursor phase is proposed to explain structural properties and the high rate of grain growth. Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising thin-film absorber material that presents some interesting challenges in fabrication when compared with Cu(In,Ga)Se2. We introduce a two-step process for fabrication of CZTS films, involving reactive sputtering of a Cu-Zn-Sn-S precursor followed by rapid annealing. X-ray diffraction and Raman measurements of the sputtered precursor suggest that it is in a disordered, metastable CZTS phase, similar to the high-temperature cubic modification reported for CZTS. A few minutes of annealing at 550°C are sufficient to produce crystalline CZTS films with grain sizes in the micrometer range. The first reported device using this approach has an AM1.5 efficiency of 4.6%, with Jsc and Voc both appearing to be limited by interface recombination. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] |
| Author | Fontané, Xavier Izquierdo-Roca, Victor Kubart, Tomas Ericson, Tove Edoff, Marika Scragg, Jonathan J. Pérez-Rodríguez, Alejandro Platzer-Björkman, Charlotte |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Jonathan J. surname: Scragg fullname: Scragg, Jonathan J. email: Correspondence: Jonathan Scragg, Ångström Solar Center, Solid State Electronics, Uppsala University, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden., jonathan.scragg@angstrom.uu.se organization: Ångström Solar Center, Solid State Electronics, Uppsala University, 751 21, Uppsala, Sweden – sequence: 2 givenname: Tove surname: Ericson fullname: Ericson, Tove organization: Ångström Solar Center, Solid State Electronics, Uppsala University, 751 21, Uppsala, Sweden – sequence: 3 givenname: Xavier surname: Fontané fullname: Fontané, Xavier organization: Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), C. Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, Barcelona, 08930, Sant Adrià del Besòs, Spain – sequence: 4 givenname: Victor surname: Izquierdo-Roca fullname: Izquierdo-Roca, Victor organization: Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), C. Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, Barcelona, 08930, Sant Adrià del Besòs, Spain – sequence: 5 givenname: Alejandro surname: Pérez-Rodríguez fullname: Pérez-Rodríguez, Alejandro organization: Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), C. Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 08930, Sant Adrià del Besòs, Barcelona, Spain – sequence: 6 givenname: Tomas surname: Kubart fullname: Kubart, Tomas organization: Ångström Solar Center, Solid State Electronics, Uppsala University, 751 21, Uppsala, Sweden – sequence: 7 givenname: Marika surname: Edoff fullname: Edoff, Marika organization: Ångström Solar Center, Solid State Electronics, Uppsala University, 751 21, Uppsala, Sweden – sequence: 8 givenname: Charlotte surname: Platzer-Björkman fullname: Platzer-Björkman, Charlotte organization: Ångström Solar Center, Solid State Electronics, Uppsala University, 751 21, Uppsala, Sweden |
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| Keywords | Performance evaluation Grain size Grain size analysis Absorbent material ZnSnS kesterite CZTS High temperature Rapid annealing Tin sulfide thin film solar cells X ray diffraction Zinc Thin film Metastable phase Solar cell Crystalline material Zinc sulfide Cu Thin film cell Copper sulfide Reactive sputtering Copper sulfides |
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| References_xml | – year: 2011 – volume: 98 start-page: 181905 year: 2011 article-title: In‐depth resolved Raman scattering analysis for the identification of secondary phases: characterization of Cu ZnSnS layers for solar cell applications publication-title: Applied Physics Letters – volume: 107 year: 2010 article-title: On the Sn loss from thin films of the material system Cu‐Zn‐Sn‐S in high vacuum publication-title: Journal of Applied Physics – volume: 11C3 year: 2011 – volume: 84 start-page: 075213 year: 2011 article-title: Structural diversity and electronic properties of Cu SnX (X = S, Se): A first‐principles investigation publication-title: Physical Review B – volume: 45 start-page: 12716 year: 1992 article-title: Order–disorder transition in ternary chalcopyrite compounds and pseudobinary alloys publication-title: Physical Review B – volume: 509 start-page: 7600 year: 2011 article-title: Study of polycrystalline Cu ZnSnS films by Raman scattering publication-title: Journal of Alloys and Compounds – volume: 38 start-page: 483 year: 2011 article-title: Magnetic properties and cation ordering of nanopowders of the synthetic analogue of kuramite, Cu SnS publication-title: Physics and Chemistry of Minerals – volume: 205 start-page: 167 year: 2008 article-title: Cu Zn Cd Sn(Se S ) solid solutions as absorber materials for solar cells publication-title: Physica Status Solidi a‐Applications and Materials Science – volume: 6 start-page: 1290 year: 1972 article-title: Raman scattering from ZnS polytypes publication-title: Physical Review B – volume: 21 start-page: S117 year: 2003 article-title: Microstructural evolution during film growth publication-title: Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A – year: 2011 article-title: Thin film solar cell with 8.4% power conversion efficiency using an earth‐abundant Cu ZnSnS absorber publication-title: Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications – volume: 133 start-page: 3320 year: 2011 article-title: The consequences of kesterite equilibria for efficient solar cells publication-title: Journal of the American Chemical Society – year: 1994 – year: 2012 – volume: 84 start-page: 205201 year: 2011 article-title: Characterization of vibrational and mechanical properties of quaternary compounds Cu ZnSnS and Cu ZnSnSe in kesterite and stannite structures publication-title: Physical Review B – volume: 182 start-page: 838 year: 1969 article-title: Raman spectrum of cubic ZnS publication-title: Physical Review – volume: 67 start-page: 67 year: 2001 article-title: Baseline Cu(in,Ga)Se device production: control and statistical significance publication-title: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells – volume: 69 start-page: 131 year: 1999 article-title: Electronic properties of Cu(In,Ga)Se heterojunction solar cells—recent achievements, current understanding, and future challenges publication-title: Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing – year: 2011 article-title: Device characteristics of a 10.1% hydrazine‐processed Cu ZnSn(Se,S) solar cell publication-title: Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications – year: 2012 article-title: Kesterites—a challenging material for solar cells publication-title: Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications – volume: 47 start-page: 933 year: 1991 article-title: Far infrared studies on stannite and wurtzstannite type compounds publication-title: Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular Spectroscopy – volume: 88 year: 2006 article-title: Efficient CuInS solar cells by reactive magnetron sputtering publication-title: Applied Physics Letters – volume: 132 start-page: 17384 year: 2010 article-title: Fabrication of 7.2% Efficient CZTSSe solar cells using CZTS nanocrystals publication-title: Journal of the American Chemical Society – volume: 84 start-page: 379 year: 2010 article-title: Temperature dependence of Cu ZnSn(Se S ) monograin solar cells publication-title: Solar Energy – volume: 97 start-page: 233506 year: 2010 article-title: Loss mechanisms in hydrazine‐processed Cu ZnSn(Se,S) solar cells publication-title: Applied Physics Letters – volume: 515 start-page: 5985 year: 2007 article-title: Structural aspects of adamantine like multinary chalcogenides publication-title: Thin Solid Films – volume: 44 start-page: 3955 year: 1991 article-title: Raman study and lattice dynamics of single molecular layers of MoS publication-title: Physical Review B – volume: 23 start-page: 4625 year: 2011 article-title: Chemical insights into the instability of Cu ZnSnS films during annealing publication-title: Chemistry of Materials – volume: 206 start-page: 1054 year: 2009 article-title: In‐situ investigation of the structural phase transition in kesterite publication-title: Physica Status Solidi a‐Applications and Materials Science – year: 2012 article-title: Kesterite thin‐film solar cells: advances in materials modelling of Cu ZnSnS publication-title: Advanced Energy Materials |
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Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising thin‐film absorber material that presents some interesting challenges in fabrication when compared with Cu(In,Ga)Se2.... Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is a promising thin-film absorber material that presents some interesting challenges in fabrication when compared with Cu(In,Ga)Se2. We... Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) is a promising thin-film absorber material that presents some interesting challenges in fabrication when compared with Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 . We... |
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| SubjectTerms | Applied sciences Cu2ZnSnS4 CZTS Electrical engineering, electronics and photonics Electronics Elektronik Elektroteknik, elektronik och fotonik Energy Engineering Science with specialization in Electronics Exact sciences and technology kesterite Natural energy Photovoltaic conversion reactive sputtering Solar cells. Photoelectrochemical cells Solar energy sulfides TECHNOLOGY TEKNIKVETENSKAP Teknisk fysik med inriktning mot elektronik thin film solar cells |
| Title | Rapid annealing of reactively sputtered precursors for Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells |
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