The southwestern Carpathians as an ancient centre of diversity of freshwater gammarid amphipods: insights from the Gammarus fossarum species complex

Gammarus fossarum is a diverse species complex of epigean freshwater amphipods throughout Europe. Due to their poor dispersal capabilities and ubiquity, these crustaceans may serve as a model for investigating the influence of historical factors on the contemporary distribution and diversity pattern...

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Published inMolecular ecology Vol. 24; no. 15; pp. 3980 - 3992
Main Authors Copilaş-Ciocianu, Denis, Petrusek, Adam
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.08.2015
Subjects
Amphipoda - classification
Amphipoda - genetics
Animals
Bayes Theorem
Biological Evolution
Cell Nucleus - genetics
Crustaceans
distribution
DNA, Mitochondrial - genetics
endemism
Europe
Fresh Water
Genetic diversity
Genetic Markers
glacial refugium
Miocene
Models, Genetic
palaeogeography
Phylogeny
Phylogeography
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Europe
glacial refugium
Miocene
endemism
distribution
palaeogeography
phylogeography
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Summary:Gammarus fossarum is a diverse species complex of epigean freshwater amphipods throughout Europe. Due to their poor dispersal capabilities and ubiquity, these crustaceans may serve as a model for investigating the influence of historical factors on the contemporary distribution and diversity patterns of freshwater macrozoobenthos. Here, we investigate the fine‐scale phylogeographic structure of this complex across its range in the southwestern Carpathian Mountains, which comprises two areas that are geographically isolated from its main European distribution area as well as from each other. Given the Tertiary age of many freshwater Gammarus species, we hypothesize that the southwestern Carpathian populations reflect a relict distribution pattern. We used two mitochondrial and three nuclear markers from 32 localities to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships and estimate the timings of divergence among southwestern Carpathian and non‐Carpathian lineages. Cryptic diversity was evaluated from mitochondrial markers by employing phylogenetic and distance‐based methods. We distinguished at least 16 cryptic microendemic taxa, some of them coexisting, distributed in the southwestern Carpathians in a mosaic‐like pattern. These lineages form a monophyletic group together with several lineages from southeastern Europe. Estimated divergence times indicate a Middle Miocene origin of this clade, with many deep splits dating back to more than 10 Ma. This time frame corresponds with a period of intense geological subsidence in the region that gave birth to the Pannonian Basin. We conclude that subsidence could have been an important driver of diversification in freshwater Gammarus and that the southwestern Carpathians represent an ancient centre of diversity for these crustaceans.
Bibliography:ark:/67375/WNG-ZKNV4X0N-3
Table S1 Data included in the analyses including names of taxa and sequences/vouchers, locations, countries, geographic coordinates, GenBank accession numbers, phylogenetic lineage affiliation, and sources of published data.Table S2 Primers used for amplification and sequencing. Table S3 Alignment length, character variation, sample size and evolutionary models used for the genes in this study. Models for protein-coding genes (COI and EF1α) are shown for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd codon positions, respectively. Table S4 Mean Kimura 2-parameter distances between and within SW Carpathian lineages at COI and 16S. Table S5 Mean Kimura 2-parameter distances between SW Carpathian lineages at 18S and 28S. Table S6 Mean Kimura 2-parameter distances at the EF1α locus between SW Carpathian lineages. Table S7 Haplotype (Hd) and nucleotide (π) diversity for COI and 16S markers at each sampling site used in this study. Fig. S1. Maximum likelihood trees for the concatenated mitochondrial (left) and nuclear markers (right). Fig. S2 Individual maximum likelihood trees for 16S and COI markers. For the 16S tree, species delimitations from PTP (black bars) and ABGD (coloured bars) are shown. Fig. S3 Individual maximum likelihood trees for 18S, 28S and EF1α. Fig. S4 Trees inferred with maximum likelihood (left) and Bayesian inference (right) from the combined COI, 16S, 18S, 28S and EF1α dataset. Fig. S5 Complete BEAST chronogram obtained from the COI and EF1α markers.
Charles University in Prague
istex:456CB59AE6FF03E0E3F254C35D5D83D8EEAC191C
ArticleID:MEC13286
GAUK 1398214 - No. SVV 260198
ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 23
ISSN:0962-1083
1365-294X
DOI:10.1111/mec.13286