Biogeographically distinct controls on C3 and C4 grass distributions: merging community and physiological ecology

• Published in: Global ecology and biogeography Vol. 24; no. 3; pp. 304 - 313
• Main Authors: Griffith, Daniel M., Anderson, T. Michael, Osborne, Colin P., Strömberg, Caroline A. E., Forrestel, Elisabeth J., Still, Christopher J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.03.2015; John Wiley & Sons Ltd; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Subjects: Biogeography; C4 plants; carbon; climate change; climate models; climatic factors; crossover temperature; ecophysiology; energy flow; fire; fires; Grasses; invasive; Precipitation; temperate forests; temperature; tree cover; trees; United States; United States
• ISSN: 1466-822X; 1466-8238
• DOI: 10.1111/geb.12265

Aim: C₄ photosynthesis is an adaptation that maintains efficient carbon assimilation in high-light, high-temperature conditions. Due to the importance of C₄ grasses for carbon and surface energy fluxes, numerous models have been proposed to describe their spatial distribution and forecast their responses to climate change. These models often rely on broad climatic predictors (e.g. temperature and precipitation) but fail to integrate other ecologically relevant factors like disturbance and competition, which may modify realized C₃/C₄ grass distributions. Here, we present a combined evaluation of the contribution of ecological factors and climatic predictors to realized C₃/C₄ grass distributions. We consider multiple biogeographic regions of North America using a multisource database of over 40,000 vegetation plots. Location: The conterminous United States of America (USA). Methods: We identified a comprehensive pool of climatic models in the literature and used information theoretic criteria to select a primary climatic predictor of C₃ and C₄ grass distributions. Subsequently, the best model was combined with ecological predictors (e.g. fire, tree cover) using a multiple regression framework and tested within eight regions. Results: Surprisingly, grass-dominated communities across the USA exist largely in C₃- or C₄-dominated states. Transitions between C₃/C₄ dominance were best explained by models that integrated temperature and precipitation with ecological factors that varied according to region. For some regions, like Eastern Temperate Forests, local ecological factors were comparable in strength to broad-scale climatic predictors of C₃/C₄ abundance. Main conclusion: Local ecological factors modify C₃/C₄ grass responses to broadscale climatic drivers in ways that manifest at regional scales. In Eastern Temperate Forests, for example, C₄ grass abundances are maintained below climatic expectations where tree cover creates light limitation but above expectations where frequent fires reduce tree cover. Thus, local ecological factors, which vary among biogeographic regions, contribute to large-scale climate disequilibrium.