Positive interactions between the lichen Usnea antarctica (Parmeliaceae) and the native flora in Maritime Antarctica

• Published in: Journal of vegetation science Vol. 24; no. 3; pp. 463 - 472
• Main Authors: Molina-Montenegro, Marco A., Ricote-Martínez, Natalia, Muñoz-Ramírez, Carlos, Gómez-González, Susana, Torres-Díaz, Cristian, Salgado-Luarte, Cristian, Gianoli, Ernesto
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.05.2013; Blackwell
• Subjects: Animal and plant ecology; Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Antarctic regions; Antarctica; Biological and medical sciences; Deschampsia antarctica; Facilitation; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Global warming; Lichens; Microhabitats; Mosses; Nurse effect; Nurses; Plant interaction; Plants; Soil water; Species; Usnea; Vegetation; Antarctica; Facilitation; Warming; Lichens; Plant ecology; Deschampsia antarctica; Mosses; Bryophyta; Nurse effect; Dynamical climatology; Fungi; Climate change; Flora; Global change; Lichenes; Polar region; Antarctica; Global warming; Plant sciences
• ISSN: 1100-9233; 1654-1103
• DOI: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2012.01480.x

Questions: Is the macrolichen Usnea antarctica a 'nurse' species to Antarctic flora? Are positive plant—plant interactions more frequent than negative interactions in Antarctic ecosystems? Are microclimatic modifications by cushions of U. antarctica responsible for the nurse effect? Location: Two sites in Antarctica: King George Island, South Shetland (62°11′ S, 58°56′ W; 62°11′ S, 58°59′ W). Methods: We evaluated the association of plant species with U. antarctica cushions by recording species growing — in equivalent areas — within and outside U. antarctica cushions. Additionally, we performed transplant experiments with Deschampsia antarctica individuals to assess if U. antarctica cushions enhance plant survival. In both study sites we monitored temperature, moisture and nutrient status of soil outside and within the cushions to provide insights into potential mechanisms underlying possible interactions between U. antarctica and other plant species. Results: Eight out of 13 species were positively associated with cushions of the widespread lichen U. antarctica, while only one species (U. aurantiaco-atra) showed a negative association with U. antarctica. Survival of Deschampsia was enhanced when growing associated with U. antarctica cushions. Our results indicate that cushions ameliorated the extreme conditions of Antarctic islands through increased temperature and soil moisture, decreased radiation and evaporative water loss and increased nutrient availability. Conclusions: The nurse effect of U. antarctica is verified. Cushions of this macrolichen may be a key component in structuring the Antarctic landscape and maintaining local species richness, and their presence might influence range expansion of other species.