Maximum-Likelihood Estimation of Recording Position Based on Audio Watermarking

• Published in: Third International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP 2007) Vol. 2; pp. 255 - 258
• Main Authors: Nakashima, Y., Tachibana, R., Babaguchi, N.
• Format: Conference Proceeding
• Language: English
• Published: IEEE 01.11.2007
• Subjects: Detection algorithms; Digital recording; Loudspeakers; Maximum likelihood detection; Maximum likelihood estimation; Motion pictures; Position measurement; Protection; Watermarking
• DOI: 10.1109/IIH-MSP.2007.221
• ISBN: 9780769529943; 0769529941

In this paper, we propose a maximum-likelihood method for estimating a recording position inside several loudspeakers as a brand-new application of digital audio watermarking, which could be useful for protecting from illegal recordings of movies. An error model of times of arrival (TOAs) is utilized to estimate the recording position. The error model is constructed based on watermarking strengths, which are calculated by a watermark detection algorithm. This enables us to estimate the position if some of the TOAs are accurately measured. Experimental results indicate that the algorithm can estimate the recording position with the mean value of errors of 0.81 m.