Digital Watermarking using Unsigned Integer for Image Authentication

• Published in: 2023 6th International Conference on Information and Communications Technology (ICOIACT) pp. 327 - 331
• Main Authors: Adi, Prajanto Wahyu, Setiadi, De Rosal Ignatius Moses, Sukmana, Septian Enggar, Nugroho, Fajar Agung
• Format: Conference Proceeding
• Language: English
• Published: IEEE 10.11.2023
• Subjects: Authentication; Computational efficiency; Error correction; Error correction codes; Hadamard matrix; image authentication; Image quality; tampering; Time measurement; unsigned integer; Walsh matrix; Watermarking
• ISSN: 2770-4661
• DOI: 10.1109/ICOIACT59844.2023.10455943

Active tampering detection systems based on watermarking are developing rapidly. This is in line with the increasing number of image manipulation processes that even ordinary people can easily use through various applications that can be used free of charge. The singular value-based watermarking method is very popular because of its good authentication capabilities but requires large computational costs. Several alternative solutions based on signed integer matrices such as Hadamard and Walsh are able to speed up the computational process and produce a good level of imperceptibility. The two matrices have the same characteristics in the first row and column, while the other ones have opposite integer signs. This study proposes the formation of a new matrix based on the characteristics of the Hadamard and Walsh matrix where the unused integer sign values will be removed. The test results show that all methods used have the same level of imperceptibility. In terms of embedding time, the Hadamard and Walsh-based method reduced the average time by 9% and 16% respectively compared to the singular value-based method, while the proposed method was able to achieve 20%. Similar results were also obtained during authentication where the Hadamard and Walsh method increased the speed by 9% and 18% while the proposed method was able to reach 20%. The proposed method is able to achieve the highest speed while maintaining the level of imperceptibility.