The future of the northeast Atlantic benthic flora in a high CO2 world

• Published in: Ecology and evolution Vol. 4; no. 13; pp. 2787 - 2798
• Main Authors: Brodie, Juliet, Williamson, Christopher J., Smale, Dan A., Kamenos, Nicholas A., Mieszkowska, Nova, Santos, Rui, Cunliffe, Michael, Steinke, Michael, Yesson, Christopher, Anderson, Kathryn M., Asnaghi, Valentina, Brownlee, Colin, Burdett, Heidi L., Burrows, Michael T., Collins, Sinead, Donohue, Penelope J. C., Harvey, Ben, Foggo, Andrew, Noisette, Fanny, Nunes, Joana, Ragazzola, Federica, Raven, John A., Schmidt, Daniela N., Suggett, David, Teichberg, Mirta, Hall‐Spencer, Jason M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.07.2014; Wiley Open Access; BlackWell Publishing Ltd
• Subjects: Acidification; Algae; Authoring; Benthic flora; Calcification; Calcified algae; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide emissions; Climate change; Coastal ecosystems; Emissions; Environmental changes; Environmental Sciences; Epiphytes; Flora; Habitats; Human populations; Indigenous species; Introduced species; Invasive species; Life Sciences; macroalgae; microphytobenthos; Native species; Niches; Nonnative species; Ocean acidification; Population growth; Review; Seagrasses; Seawater; Seaweeds; Turf; volatile gases; United Kingdom > UK; Arctic region; seagrasses; macroalgae; volatile gases; Calcified algae; microphytobenthos; invasive species; climate change
• ISSN: 2045-7758; 2045-7758
• DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1105

Seaweed and seagrass communities in the northeast Atlantic have been profoundly impacted by humans, and the rate of change is accelerating rapidly due to runaway CO2 emissions and mounting pressures on coastlines associated with human population growth and increased consumption of finite resources. Here, we predict how rapid warming and acidification are likely to affect benthic flora and coastal ecosystems of the northeast Atlantic in this century, based on global evidence from the literature as interpreted by the collective knowledge of the authorship. We predict that warming will kill off kelp forests in the south and that ocean acidification will remove maerl habitat in the north. Seagrasses will proliferate, and associated epiphytes switch from calcified algae to diatoms and filamentous species. Invasive species will thrive in niches liberated by loss of native species and spread via exponential development of artificial marine structures. Combined impacts of seawater warming, ocean acidification, and increased storminess may replace structurally diverse seaweed canopies, with associated calcified and noncalcified flora, with simple habitats dominated by noncalcified, turf‐forming seaweeds. In this study, predictions are made as to how rapid warming and ocean acidification are likely to affect benthic flora and coastal ecosystems of the north‐east Atlantic in this century based on global evidence from the literature as interpreted by the collective knowledge of the authorship. We predict that kelp forests will die out in the south due to warming, maerl habitat lost in the north through acidification, seagrasses will proliferate, associated epiphytes will switch from calcified algae to diatoms and filamentous species, and invasive species will thrive. Thus, structurally diverse seaweed canopies with associated calcified and noncalcified flora may be replaced with simple habitats dominated by noncalcified, turf‐forming seaweeds.