Influence of wheat bran addition and of thermoplastic extrusion process parameters on physical properties of corn-based expanded extruded snacks/Influencia da adicao do farelo de trigo e de parametros do processo de extrusao termoplastica nas propriedades fisicas de snacks extrudados expandidos de milho
Corn-based expanded extruded snacks containing wheat bran as dietary fiber source were evaluated with respect to instrumental hardness, expansion index and color ([L.sup.*] - lightness). Internal cell structure was observed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Snacks were produced following a...
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Published in | Alimentos e nutrição Vol. 22; no. 4; p. 507 |
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Main Authors | , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | Spanish |
Published |
Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas UNESP
01.10.2011
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Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Summary: | Corn-based expanded extruded snacks containing wheat bran as dietary fiber source were evaluated with respect to instrumental hardness, expansion index and color ([L.sup.*] - lightness). Internal cell structure was observed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Snacks were produced following a 2 (3) complete factorial design, in a single screw extruder (model GNF 1014/2, BRABENDER, Germany). The three independent variables studied were: moisture (from 16.3 to 29.7%); temperature of the 2nd and 3rd extruder zones (from 104.8 to 155.2 °C); and wheat bran content (from 0 to 24.6%). An increase in temperature resulted in lower extrudate hardness values, which varied from 1.6 to 4.8kgf. Higher moisture and lower wheat bran contents resulted in snacks with greater hardness. Expansion index, that varied from 1.7 to 3.7, was mainly influenced by moisture and temperature, being that higher moisture values combined to higher temperatures resulted in lower expansion indexes. The snacks presented lightness ([L.sup.*]) values between 42.77 and 64.41, being the temperature the variable that most influenced the values, because higher values of temperature resulted in higher [L.sup.*] values. Observing the snacks through Scanning Electron Microscopy, the influence of wheat bran could be observed, as higher contents of wheat bran contributed to the formation of cells with reduced sizes. During the sensory analysis, snacks with and without wheat bran, optimum and control, respectively, produced under the same temperature (130 °C) and moisture (23%) were compared. Snacks were evaluated by 40 judges through an acceptance test, using a 9-point hedonic scale (mixed structured), in relation to color, appearance, texture (hardness), taste and global evaluation. Optimum and control snacks differed significantly at 95% significance, with the best acceptance for all attributes being obtained for the control. KEYWORDS: Thermoplastic extrusion, snacks, wheat bran, experimental hardness, expansion index, scanning electron microscopy. Snacks extrudados expandidos de milho contendo farelo de trigo como fonte de fibra alimentar foram avaliados em relacao a dureza instrumental, ao indice de expansao e a cor ([L.sup.*] - luminosidade). A estrutura interna foi observada por meio de Microscopia Eletronica de Varredura (MEV). Os snacks foram produzidos seguindo-se um planejamento fatorial completo [2.sup.3], em um extrusor mono-rosca (model GNF 1014/2, BRABENDER, Germany). As variaveis independentes foram: umidade (de 16,3 a 29,7%); temperatura da 2 e 3 zonas do extrusor (de 104,8 a 155,2 °C); e teor de farelo de trigo (de 0,0 a 24,6%). Temperatura maior resultou em menores valores de dureza, que variou de 1,6 a 4,8 kgf. Maior umidade e menores conteudos de farelo de trigo geraram snacks mais duros. O indice de expansao, que variou de 1,7 a 3,7, foi influenciado principalmente pela umidade e pela temperatura, sendo que altos valores de umidade combinados a altas temperaturas resultaram em menores indices de expansao. Os snacks apresentaram valor de luminosidade ([L.sup.*]) entre 42,77 e 64,41, sendo que a temperatura foi a variavel que mais influenciou nos valores, pois maiores valores de temperatura resultaram em maiores valores de [L.sup.*]. Na avaliacao por Microscopia Eletronica de Varredura, a influencia do farelo de trigo foi observada, pois teores elevados deste contribuiram para a formacao de cElulas de tamanho reduzido. Durante a analise sensorial, foram comparados snacks com e sem farelo de trigo, respectivamente otimo e controle, produzidos sob a mesma temperatura (130 °C) e umidade (23%). Os snacks foram avaliados por 40 julgadores, utilizando-se um teste de aceitacao, com escala hedonica (estruturada mista) de 9 pontos, em relacao a cor, a aparencia, a textura (dureza), ao sabor e a avaliacao global. Os snacks otimo e controle diferiram significativamente a 95 % de significancia, sendo que a melhor aceitacao para todos os atributos avaliados foi verificada para a amostra controle. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Extrusao termoplastica, snacks, farelo de trigo, dureza instrumental, indice de expansao, microscopia eletronica de varredura. |
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ISSN: | 0103-4235 2179-4448 |