Promiscuous MYC locus rearrangements hijack enhancers but mostly super-enhancers to dysregulate MYC expression in multiple myeloma

• Published in: Leukemia Vol. 28; no. 8; pp. 1725 - 1735
• Main Authors: Affer, M, Chesi, M, Chen, W D, Keats, J J, Demchenko, Y N, Tamizhmani, K, Garbitt, V M, Riggs, D L, Brents, L A, Roschke, A V, Van Wier, S, Fonseca, R, Bergsagel, P L, Kuehl, W M
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.08.2014; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 631/208/2489/68; 692/420/755; 692/699/67/1990/804; 692/700/1750; Animals; Autonomy; Benign monoclonal gammopathy; Bone marrow; Cancer Research; Chromosome translocations; Chromosomes; Comparative Genomic Hybridization; Critical Care Medicine; Development and progression; Enhancer Elements, Genetic; Enhancers; FOXO3 protein; Gene expression; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Gene mutations; Gene Rearrangement; Genes; Genes, Immunoglobulin; Genes, myc; Genetic aspects; Genomics; Heavy chains; Hematology; Humans; Identification and classification; Immunoglobulins; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Intensive; Internal Medicine; Inversions; Leukemia; Loci; Lymphoma; Medical research; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Multiple myeloma; Multiple Myeloma - genetics; Myc protein; Oncology; original-article; Pathogenesis; Properties; Smoldering; Transcription activation; Tumors; United States > US
• ISSN: 0887-6924; 1476-5551
• DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.70

MYC locus rearrangements—often complex combinations of translocations, insertions, deletions and inversions—in multiple myeloma (MM) were thought to be a late progression event, which often did not involve immunoglobulin genes. Yet, germinal center activation of MYC expression has been reported to cause progression to MM in an MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance)-prone mouse strain. Although previously detected in 16% of MM, we find MYC rearrangements in nearly 50% of MM, including smoldering MM, and they are heterogeneous in some cases. Rearrangements reposition MYC near a limited number of genes associated with conventional enhancers, but mostly with super-enhancers (e.g., IGH, IGL, IGK, NSMCE2, TXNDC5, FAM46C, FOXO3, IGJ, PRDM1). MYC rearrangements are associated with a significant increase of MYC expression that is monoallelic, but MM tumors lacking a rearrangement have biallelic MYC expression at significantly higher levels than in MGUS. We also have shown that germinal center activation of MYC does not cause MM in a mouse strain that rarely develops spontaneous MGUS. It appears that increased MYC expression at the MGUS/MM transition usually is biallelic, but sometimes can be monoallelic if there is an MYC rearrangement. Our data suggest that MYC rearrangements, regardless of when they occur during MM pathogenesis, provide one event that contributes to tumor autonomy.