Distinct transcriptional responses to fludioxonil in Aspergillus fumigatus and its [DELA]tcsC and [DELA]skn7 mutants reveal a crucial role for Skn7 in the cell wall reorganizations triggered by this antifungal

• Published in: BMC genomics Vol. 24; no. 1
• Main Authors: Schruefer, Sebastian, Pschibul, Annica, Wong, Sarah Sze Wah, Sae-Ong, Tongta, Wolf, Thomas, Schäuble, Sascha, Panagiotou, Gianni, Brakhage, Axel A, Aimanianda, Vishukumar, Kniemeyer, Olaf, Ebel, Frank
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: BioMed Central Ltd 14.11.2023
• Subjects: Antifungal agents; Disease susceptibility; Drug resistance in microorganisms; Genetic aspects; Genetic transcription; Glycerin; Glycerol; Health aspects; Histidine; Homeopathy; Materia medica and therapeutics; Physiological aspects; Therapeutics; Germany
• ISSN: 1471-2164; 1471-2164
• DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09777-5

Aspergillus fumigatus is a major fungal pathogen that causes severe problems due to its increasing resistance to many therapeutic agents. Fludioxonil is a compound that triggers a lethal activation of the fungal-specific High Osmolarity Glycerol pathway. Its pronounced antifungal activity against A. fumigatus and other pathogenic molds renders this agent an attractive lead substance for the development of new therapeutics. The group III hydride histidine kinase TcsC and its downstream target Skn7 are key elements of the multistep phosphorelay that represents the initial section of the High Osmolarity Glycerol pathway. Loss of tcsC results in resistance to fludioxonil, whereas a [DELA]skn7 mutant is partially, but not completely resistant. In this study, we compared the fludioxonil-induced transcriptional responses in the [DELA]tcsC and [DELA]skn7 mutant and their parental A. fumigatus strain. The number of differentially expressed genes correlates well with the susceptibility level of the individual strains. The wild type and, to a lesser extend also the [DELA]skn7 mutant, showed a multi-faceted stress response involving genes linked to ribosomal and peroxisomal function, iron homeostasis and oxidative stress. A marked difference between the sensitive wild type and the largely resistant [DELA]skn7 mutant was evident for many cell wall-related genes and in particular those involved in the biosynthesis of chitin. Biochemical data corroborate this differential gene expression that does not occur in response to hyperosmotic stress. Our data reveal that fludioxonil induces a strong and TcsC-dependent stress that affects many aspects of the cellular machinery. The data also demonstrate a link between Skn7 and the cell wall reorganizations that foster the characteristic ballooning and the subsequent lysis of fludioxonil-treated cells.