emergence of a new strain of porcine circovirus-2 in Ontario and Quebec swine and its association with severe porcine circovirus associated disease -- 2004-2006

• Published in: Canadian journal of veterinary research Vol. 72; no. 3; pp. 259 - 268
• Main Authors: Carman, S, Cai, H.Y, DeLay, J, Youssef, S.A, McEwen, B.J, Gagnon, C.A, Tremblay, D, Hazlett, M, Lusis, P, Fairles, J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Canada Canadian Veterinary Medical Association 01.04.2008
• Subjects: Animals; Circoviridae Infections - epidemiology; Circoviridae Infections - pathology; Circoviridae Infections - veterinary; Circoviridae Infections - virology; Circovirus - genetics; Circovirus - pathogenicity; Disease Outbreaks - veterinary; Female; Genetic Variation; Immunohistochemistry - veterinary; Male; Molecular Sequence Data; Ontario - epidemiology; Phylogeny; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Porcine circovirus; Quebec - epidemiology; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Severity of Illness Index; strains; Swine; Swine Diseases - epidemiology; Swine Diseases - pathology; Swine Diseases - virology; viral diseases of animals and humans; Viral Load - veterinary; Virulence - genetics; Ontario; Quebec
• ISSN: 0830-9000

In the late fall of 2004 more severe lesions of porcine circovirus-2 associated disease (PCVAD) than usual occurred during an outbreak of porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) infection in Ontario nursery and grower/finisher pigs. The lesions were of unprecedented severity and included diffuse bronchointerstitial pneumonia, granulomatous enteritis, vasculitis, interstitial nephritis, and new lesions of splenic infarction. Some affected herds had up to 50% mortality. The outbreak correlated with the sudden emergence of a variant PCV-2, with PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) type 321. Phylogenetic comparison of ORF2 sequences and full genome sequences showed the new variant to be different from the previously dominant RFLP type 422 viruses, and similar to viruses that had occurred in France and other European and Asian countries. A subsequent retrospective study showed a statistically significant increase in the frequency of histological lesions in lymph node, spleen, lung, small intestine, colon and kidney, for pigs spontaneously infected with RFLP type 321, compared with the older RFLP type 422 strain. Viral burden, based on IHC staining in lymph node, also showed a statistically significant increase in pigs infected with the newer variant RFLP type 321, compared with the older RFLP type 422 strain. This enhanced virulence in pigs infected with PCV-2 RFLP type 321 strain may be related to the genetic differences in this new strain of PCV-2. This virus is now the dominant strain of PCV-2 virus found in Ontario and Quebec swine.