GnRH antagonist associates with less adiposity and reduced characteristics of metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis compared with orchiectomy and GnRH agonist in a preclinical mouse model

• Published in: Urologic oncology Vol. 32; no. 8; pp. 1126 - 1134
• Main Authors: Hopmans, Sarah N., M.Sc, Duivenvoorden, Wilhelmina C.M., Ph.D, Werstuck, Geoff H., Ph.D, Klotz, Laurence, M.D, Pinthus, Jehonathan H., M.D., Ph.D
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 01.11.2014
• Subjects: Adipose Tissue - pathology; Adiposity; Androgen Antagonists - administration & dosage; Androgen Antagonists - adverse effects; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal - administration & dosage; Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal - adverse effects; Atherosclerosis - chemically induced; Atherosclerosis - etiology; Atherosclerosis - pathology; Atherosclerosis - prevention & control; Disease Models, Animal; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone - antagonists & inhibitors; Humans; Leuprolide - administration & dosage; Leuprolide - adverse effects; Male; Metabolic Syndrome - chemically induced; Metabolic Syndrome - etiology; Metabolic Syndrome - pathology; Metabolic Syndrome - prevention & control; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Oligopeptides - administration & dosage; Oligopeptides - adverse effects; Orchiectomy - adverse effects; Orchiectomy - methods; Random Allocation; Receptors, LDL - genetics; Receptors, LDL - metabolism; Urology; Cardiovascular disease; Androgen deprivation therapy; Metabolic syndrome; Leuprolide; Degarelix; Orchiectomy
• ISSN: 1078-1439; 1873-2496
• DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2014.06.018

Abstract Objectives Observational studies relate androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) to metabolic syndrome (MS) and cardiovascular disease, an association potentially subject to uncontrollable confounding factors, especially diet and genetic/metabolic risk factors. In the absence of prospective randomized clinical trials, causality remains unproven. We comparatively investigated the effects of different ADT modalities on the development of MS and atherosclerosis in a mouse model. Materials and methods Low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice underwent orchiectomy plus vehicle (2.5% mannitol), sham surgery plus vehicle (control), sham surgery plus gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist (degarelix), or sham surgery plus GnRH agonist (leuprolide) ( n = 9–13/group) and were followed for 4 months. Visceral fat accumulation, lean body mass, adipocyte size, fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance, serum levels of leptin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone, along with atherosclerotic plaque size and characteristics were measured. Results All 3 modes of ADT decreased circulating testosterone levels in mice, although leuprolide treatment reached nadir levels of testosterone later. Orchiectomized and leuprolide-treated mice gained significantly more visceral fat compared with degarelix-treated mice. Improved glucose tolerance tests were recorded in degarelix-treated mice. The aortic atherosclerotic plaque area in leuprolide-treated and orchiectomized mice was larger than in control mice ( P <0.005 and P = 0.002, respectively), but it was not significantly different from control in degarelix-treated mice. The necrotic core area in degarelix-treated mice was smaller compared with leuprolide-treated and orchiectomized mice ( P = 0.011 and P = 0.002, respectively). Conclusions Our results suggest that ADT induced MS and atherosclerosis in a preclinical mouse model to a mode-specific extent. GnRH antagonist generated the least atherosclerosis and characteristics of MS compared with orchiectomy and GnRH agonist.