Spatial and Temporal Variation in the Antagonistic and Mutualistic Interactions among Seed Predator Arthropods, Seed-Dispersing Birds, and the Spanish Juniper

• Published in: Insects (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 15; no. 8; p. 620
• Main Authors: Mezquida, Eduardo T, Olano, José Miguel
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 18.08.2024; MDPI
• Subjects: Animal reproduction; Animals; Annual variations; Arthropoda; Arthropods; Behavior; Bird impact; Birds; Breeding success; Competition; cone traits; Cones; Crop production; crop size; Crops; Damage assessment; Dispersal; Ecological research; Environmental aspects; Evolution; Foraging behavior; Frugivores; Frugivory; Fruits; Herbivores; Juniper; Juniperus thurifera; Mutualism (Biology); Observations; Physiological aspects; Plant reproduction; Plant-animal interactions; Population dynamics; Predation; Predators; Relative abundance; Reproduction; Satiety; Seed dispersal; Seed predation; Seeds; Temporal variations; Vertebrates; Spain; Iberian Peninsula; predator satiation; predispersal seed predation; cone traits; crop size; dispersal; Juniperus thurifera; frugivory; plant–animal interactions
• ISSN: 2075-4450; 2075-4450
• DOI: 10.3390/insects15080620

Plants interact with both antagonistic and mutualistic animals during reproduction, with the outcomes of these interactions significantly influencing plant reproductive success, population dynamics, and the evolution of plant traits. Here, we investigated the spatial and temporal variations in the interactions between , its seed-dispersing birds, and three specific arthropod species that attack the fleshy cones during the predispersal period. We assessed how plant traits affect levels of cone damage by arthropods and seed dispersal by birds, the occurrence of competition among arthropod species, and the impact of seed predators on the activity of frugivores. Plant traits, cone damage by arthropods, and seed dispersal by birds showed spatiotemporal variability. Fluctuation in cone abundance was the leading factor determining damage by arthropods and bird dispersal with a secondary role of cone traits. Large crops satiated predispersal seed predators, although the amount of frugivory did not increase significantly, suggesting a potential satiation of bird dispersers. Crop size and cone traits at individual trees determined preferences by seed predator species and the foraging activity of bird dispersers. Competition among arthropods increased during years of low cone production, and seed predators sometimes negatively affected bird frugivory. High supra-annual variations in cone production appear to be a key evolutionary mechanism enhancing reproductive success. This strategy reduces the impact of specialized seed predators during years of high seed production, despite the potential drawback of satiating seed dispersers.