Exploring the Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella typhi and Its Clinical Burden

• Published in: Antibiotics (Basel) Vol. 13; no. 8; p. 765
• Main Authors: Asghar, Muhammad, Khan, Taj Ali, Séraphin, Marie Nancy, Schimke, Lena F, Cabral-Marques, Otavio, Haq, Ihtisham Ul, Farooqi, Zia-Ur-Rehman, Campino, Susana, Ullah, Ihsan, Clark, Taane G
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01.08.2024; MDPI
• Subjects: Age groups; Alanine; Alanine transaminase; antibiogram; Antibiotics; Antimicrobial agents; Antimicrobial resistance; Biomarkers; Blood; C-reactive protein; Chi-square test; clinical paradigm; Developing countries; DNA sequencing; Drug resistance; Drug resistance in microorganisms; Drug sensitivity testing; Epidemiology; Fever; Gene sequencing; Geography; Groundwater; Health risks; Hospitals; Infections; LDCs; Leukopenia; Males; Mathematical models; Microbiological culture; Microbiological research; Mortality; Multidrug resistance; Municipal water supplies; Older people; Patients; Physiological aspects; Population; Population studies; Public health; Regression analysis; Regression models; Risk factors; Rural areas; Salmonella; Salmonella typhi; Salmonella typhosa; Sanitation; Sensitivity analysis; Socioeconomic factors; Testing; Thrombocytopenia; Typhoid; typhoid fever; Vaccination; Vaccines; Water supply; Waterborne diseases; Pakistan; Peshawar Pakistan; Karachi Pakistan; South Asia; Salmonella typhi; typhoid fever; drug resistance; antibiogram; clinical paradigm
• ISSN: 2079-6382; 2079-6382
• DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13080765

: Typhoid fever caused by serovar Typhi continues to pose a significant risk to public health in developing countries, including Pakistan. This study investigated the epidemiological factors linked to suspected and confirmed infections in Peshawar's hospital population. : A total of 5735 blood samples of patients with suspected enteric fever were collected from September 2022 to November 2023. infection was confirmed using microbiological culture of blood samples, biochemical-based tests, and DNA-sequencing methods. Drug sensitivity testing on cultures was conducted as per the CLSI guidelines. Chi-square tests were used to analyze the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of 5735 samples stratified by infection status, and risk factors were assessed by applying logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs). : The number of confirmed typhoid fever cases in this hospital-based study population was 691 (/5735, 12.0%), more prevalent in males (447/3235 13.8%) and children (0-11 years) (429/2747, 15.6%). Compared to children, the risk of infection was lower in adolescence (adjusted OR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.42-0.66), adulthood (19-59 years; aOR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.25-0.38), and older adulthood (aOR = 0.08; 95% CI: 0.04-0.18) ( < 0.001). Compared to males, the risk of infection was lower in females (aOR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.56-0.80; = 0.002). Living in a rural residence (compared to urban) was associated with a higher risk of infection (aOR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.16-1.63; = 0.001), while access to a groundwater source (compared to municipal water supply) led to a lower risk (aOR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.43-0.73; = 0.002). Vaccination demonstrated a robust protective effect (aOR = 0.069; 95% CI = 0.04-0.11, = 0.002). For those with typhoid infections, clinical biomarker analysis revealed the presence of leucopenia (65/691, 9.4%), thrombocytopenia (130/691, 18.8%), and elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (402/691, 58.2%) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (690/691, 99.9%) levels. Worryingly, among the positive isolates, there was a high prevalence of drug resistance (653/691), including multidrug-resistant (MDR 82/691, 11.9%) and extensively drug-resistant types (XDR, 571/691, 82.6%). : This study highlights the importance of age, sex, locality, water source, and vaccination status in shaping the epidemiological landscape of in the Peshawar district. It implies that expanding vaccination coverage to the broader population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, particularly in the district of Peshawar, would be beneficial.