Committing AE from Sponges

• Published in: IACR Transactions on Symmetric Cryptology Vol. 2024; no. 4
• Main Authors: Juliane Krämer, Patrick Struck, Maximiliane Weishäupl
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Ruhr-Universität Bochum 01.12.2024
• Subjects: Authenticated Encryption; Committing Security; NIST LWC Finalists
• ISSN: 2519-173X
• DOI: 10.46586/tosc.v2024.i4.191-248

Committing security has gained considerable attention in the field of authenticated encryption (AE). This can be traced back to a line of recent attacks, which entail that AE schemes used in practice should not only provide confidentiality and authenticity, but also committing security. Roughly speaking, a committing AE scheme guarantees that ciphertexts will decrypt only for one key. Despite the recent research effort in this area, the finalists of the NIST lightweight cryptography standardization process have not been put under consideration yet. We close this gap by providing an analysis of these schemes with respect to their committing security. Despite the structural similarities the finalists exhibit, our results are of a quite heterogeneous nature: We break four of the schemes with effectively no costs, while for two schemes our attacks are costlier, yet still efficient. For the remaining three schemes Isap, Ascon, and (a slightly modified version of) Schwaemm, we give formal security proofs. Our analysis reveals that sponges are well-suited for building committing AE schemes. Furthermore, we show several negative results when applying the zero-padding method to the NIST finalists.