Scientific foundations for an IUCN Red List of ecosystems

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 8; no. 5; p. e62111
• Main Authors: Keith, David A, Rodríguez, Jon Paul, Rodríguez-Clark, Kathryn M, Nicholson, Emily, Aapala, Kaisu, Alonso, Alfonso, Asmussen, Marianne, Bachman, Steven, Basset, Alberto, Barrow, Edmund G, Benson, John S, Bishop, Melanie J, Bonifacio, Ronald, Brooks, Thomas M, Burgman, Mark A, Comer, Patrick, Comín, Francisco A, Essl, Franz, Faber-Langendoen, Don, Fairweather, Peter G, Holdaway, Robert J, Jennings, Michael, Kingsford, Richard T, Lester, Rebecca E, Mac Nally, Ralph, McCarthy, Michael A, Moat, Justin, Oliveira-Miranda, María A, Pisanu, Phil, Poulin, Brigitte, Regan, Tracey J, Riecken, Uwe, Spalding, Mark D, Zambrano-Martínez, Sergio
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 08.05.2013; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Analysis; Aquatic ecosystems; Biodiversity; Biology; Climate change; Collapse; Conservation biology; Conservation of Natural Resources - methods; Coral reefs; Criteria; Ecological risk assessment; Ecology; Ecosystem; Ecosystem assessment; Ecosystem biology; Ecosystem services; Endangered & extinct species; Endangered Species; Environmental degradation; Extinction (Biology); Freshwater ecosystems; Marine ecosystems; Models, Theoretical; Natural resources; Production increases; Remote sensing; Risk assessment; Risk Assessment - methods; Risk factors; Science; Species extinction; Terrestrial environments; Threatened species; Trends; Vegetation; Wildlife conservation; New York; Venezuela; Austria; Australia; United States > US; South Australia Australia
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062111

An understanding of risks to biodiversity is needed for planning action to slow current rates of decline and secure ecosystem services for future human use. Although the IUCN Red List criteria provide an effective assessment protocol for species, a standard global assessment of risks to higher levels of biodiversity is currently limited. In 2008, IUCN initiated development of risk assessment criteria to support a global Red List of ecosystems. We present a new conceptual model for ecosystem risk assessment founded on a synthesis of relevant ecological theories. To support the model, we review key elements of ecosystem definition and introduce the concept of ecosystem collapse, an analogue of species extinction. The model identifies four distributional and functional symptoms of ecosystem risk as a basis for assessment criteria: A) rates of decline in ecosystem distribution; B) restricted distributions with continuing declines or threats; C) rates of environmental (abiotic) degradation; and D) rates of disruption to biotic processes. A fifth criterion, E) quantitative estimates of the risk of ecosystem collapse, enables integrated assessment of multiple processes and provides a conceptual anchor for the other criteria. We present the theoretical rationale for the construction and interpretation of each criterion. The assessment protocol and threat categories mirror those of the IUCN Red List of species. A trial of the protocol on terrestrial, subterranean, freshwater and marine ecosystems from around the world shows that its concepts are workable and its outcomes are robust, that required data are available, and that results are consistent with assessments carried out by local experts and authorities. The new protocol provides a consistent, practical and theoretically grounded framework for establishing a systematic Red List of the world's ecosystems. This will complement the Red List of species and strengthen global capacity to report on and monitor the status of biodiversity.