Biological Maturity Status Strongly Intensifies the Relative Age Effect in Alpine Ski Racing

• Published in: PloS one Vol. 11; no. 8; p. e0160969
• Main Authors: Müller, Lisa, Müller, Erich, Hildebrandt, Carolin, Raschner, Christian
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Public Library of Science 09.08.2016; Public Library of Science (PLoS)
• Subjects: Adolescent; Age; Age composition; Age Factors; Alpine environments; Anthropometry; Athletes; Athletes - statistics & numerical data; Basketball; Biological effects; Biology and Life Sciences; Body measurements; Child; Competition; Europe; Female; Humans; Ice hockey; Influence; Levels; Male; Maturity; Medicine and Health Sciences; Normal distribution; People and Places; Physical Sciences; Physiological aspects; Racing; Ski racing; Skiing; Soccer; Social Sciences; Sport science; Youth; United States; Tyrol (State in Austria); Austria
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160969

The relative age effect (RAE) is a well-documented phenomenon in youth sports. This effect exists when the relative age quarter distribution of selected athletes shows a biased distribution with an over-representation of relatively older athletes. In alpine ski racing, it exists in all age categories (national youth levels up to World Cup). Studies so far could demonstrate that selected ski racers are relatively older, taller and heavier. It could be hypothesized that relatively younger athletes nearly only have a chance for selection if they are early maturing. However, surprisingly this influence of the biological maturity status on the RAE could not be proven, yet. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of the biological maturity status on the RAE in dependence of the level of competition. The study investigated 372 elite youth ski racers: 234 provincial ski racers (P-SR; high level of competition) and 137 national ski racers (N-SR; very high level of competition). Anthropometric characteristics were measured to calculate the age at peak height velocity (APHV) as an indicator of the biological maturity status. A significant RAE was present among both P-SR and N-SR, with a larger effect size among the latter group. The N-SR significantly differed in APHV from the P-SR. The distribution of normal, early and late maturing athletes significantly differed from the expected normal distribution among the N-SR, not among the P-SR. Hardly any late maturing N-SR were present; 41.7% of the male and 34% of the female N-SR of the last relative age quarter were early maturing. These findings clearly demonstrate the significant influence of the biological maturity status on the selection process of youth alpine ski racing in dependence of the level of competition. Relatively younger athletes seem to have a chance of selection only if they are early maturing.